UC-NRLF 


SB    EMS    M50 


EXCHANGE 


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Guide  to  the 

State  Mineral  Exhibit 


Old  Hall  of  Delegates 
Annapolis,  Md. 


Installed  by  the 

Maryland  Geological  Survey 


MARYLAND   GEOLOGICAL  AND   ECONOMIC    SURVEY 


GUIDE 

TO  THE 

STATE  MINERAL  EXHIBIT 


ILLUSTRATING    THE 
MINERAL    RESOURCES    AND    INDUSTRIES 

GEOLOGY  AND 
MODERN    METHODS    OF    ROAD    CONSTRUCTION 

INSTALLED    BY   THE 

MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 

IN    THE 

OLD  HALL  OF  DELEGATES 

AT 
ANNAPOLIS,    MD. 


BALTIMORE,  1912 


JSorfc  Q^afttwore  ( 

BALTIMORE,  MD.,  U.  S.  A. 


COMMISSION  OF  THE    MARYLAND 
GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 


PHILLIPS  LEE  GOLDSBOROUGH,        .        .        ...    President. 

Governor  of  Maryland. 
E.    C.    HARRINGTON,        .        ,        .       ,.        .        .        .        .        . 

Comptroller  of  Maryland. 

IRA    REMSEN,       „      .  ,  '     .    •.•'.'•    .        .        Executive  Officer. 
President  of  the  Johns  Hopkins  University. 

R.  W.   SILVESTER,       .  ' Secretary. 

President  of  the  Maryland  Agricultural  College. 


WM.  BULLOCK  CLARK,  .  .'  .  .  .  State  Geologist. 
EDWARD  B.  MATHEWS,  .  _^-»  .  Assistant  State  Geologist. 
WALTER  W.  CROSBY,  .  .  ...  Chief  Engineer. 


EUGENE  H.  SAPP,  Curator. 


324681 


GUIDE  TO  STATE  MINERAL  EXHIBIT 


PLAN  OF  STATE  MINERAL  EXHIBIT. 


1.  Clay  Exhibit. 

2.  Fireclay  Products. 

3.  Brick-Tile  Pavilion. 

4.  Slate  Pavilion. 

5.  Earthenware  Exhib.it. 

6.  Publications. 

7.  Model  of  Baltimore. 


8.  Building  Stone  Pyramid. 

9.  Large  Polished  Boulders. 

10.  Exhibit  Systematic  Geology. 

11.  Mason -Dixon    Line   Monu- 

ments. 

12.  Ore  Exhibit. 

13.  Pottery  and  Decorative  Stone. 


14.  Model  of  Coal  Fields. 

15.  Lime  and  Cement  Exhibit. 

16.  Limestone  Exhibit. 

17.  Silica  Exhibit. 

18.  Feldspar  and  Flint  Exhibit. 

19.  Feldspar  and  Flint  Exhibit. 

20.  Road  Views. 


21.  Soils,  Marl  and 

Highway  Exhibit. 

22.  Road  Sections. 

23.  Coal  Pyramid. 

24.  Obelisk. 


GUIDE  TO  THE  STATE  MINERAL  EXHIBIT 

INSTALLED  AT  ANNAPOLIS  BY  THE 

MARYLAND   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 


HISTORY  OF  EXHIBIT. 

The  materials  forming  the  exhibit  have  been  gradually  col- 
lected by  the  Maryland  Geological  Survey  over  a  period  of 
several  years,  the  nucleus  being  the  Maryland  Mineral  Exhibit 
at  Buffalo  in  1901.  This  was  largely  added  to  in  the  preparation 
of  the  State's  exhibit  at  Charleston  the  following  winter  and  was 
still  further  increased  in  preparing  the  notable  exhibit  of  Mary- 
land's Mineral  Resources  for  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition 
at  St.  Louis  in  1904.  A  smaller  exhibit  was  made  for  the  James- 
town Exposition  in  1907,  and  also  incorporated.  Altogether  the 
exhibit  is  the  most  complete  collection  of  Maryland  mineral  prod- 
ucts that  has  ever  been  brought  together. 

The  exhibits  of  the  State's  mineral  wealth  made  by  the  Survey 
were  remarkably  successful  in  receiving  the  commendation  of 
the  juries  of  award  at  all  of  the  expositions.  At  Buffalo  the 
only  gold  medal  awarded  to  any  State  for  its  collective  exhibit 
of  mineral  resources  was  awarded  to  Maryland ;  at  Charleston, 
among  other  awards  it  received  12  special  gold  medals,  twice  the 
number  awarded  any  other  State  for  mineral  exhibits ;  and  at  St. 
Louis  the  exhibit  as  a  whole  received  the  grand  prize,  while 
parts  of  the  display  and  individual  exhibitors  received  2,  grand 
prizes,  8  gold,  23  silver  and  numerous  bronze  medals.  It  also 
received  the  highest  award  at  Jamestown.  Many  of  these  medals 
together  with  the  diplomas  of  award  are  displayed  in  the  exhibit. 

The  various  collections  constituting  the  State  Mineral  Exhibit 
represent  the  diversified  activities  of  the  State  and  the  Geological 
Survey,  under  whose  auspices  they  have  been  installed.  This 
organization  was  created  by  an  Act  of  the  Assembly  of  1896  and 


6  GUIDE  TO  STATE  MINERAL  EXHIBIT 

its   scope   has  been   enlarged   by  subsequent   enactments.     As   at 
present  organized  the  work  is  conducted  by  the  State  Geologist 
and    his    associates    under    the    supervision    of    the    Commission 
named  on  a  preceding  page. 
The  Survey  is  directly  responsible  for  the  work  of  investigating 


VIEW  OF  A  PORTION  OF  THE  STATE  MINERAL  EXHIBIT  AT  ANNAPOLIS. 

the  various  mineral  deposits  of  the  State  and  in  the  preparation 
and  issuance  of  the  maps  and  publications  giving  the  results  of 
these  investigations.  In  co-operation  with  the  different  National 
bureaus  it  is  rapidly  completing  the  preparation  of  a  series  of 
large  scale  county  maps  which  represent  the  topography  and 
election  districts,  the  geology,  the  agricultural  soils,  and  the  forest 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  7 

growth  which  will  give  to  the  people  of  the  State  detailed  and 
accurate  information  regarding  these,  various  subjects.  These 
maps  are  accompanied  by  exhaustive  reports  on  the  physical 
features  of  each  of  the  counties.  Each  report  includes  discussions 
of  the  physiography  or  surface  configuration,  the  geology  and 
mineral  resources,  the  agricultural  soils  and  the  crops  best  adapted 
to  them,  the  climatology  or  weather  conditions,  the  hydrography 
and  water-power,  the  terrestrial  magnetism,  and  the  forestry 
resources.  Besides  these  volumes  the  Survey  also  has  under  prep- 
aration various  reports  on  special  subjects,  and  elaborate  publi- 
cations have  already  been  issued  on  the  building  stones,  the  clays 
and  clay  products,  the  coals,  the  limestones,  and  the  iron  ores. 
The  Survey  also  serves  as  a  bureau  of  information  regarding 
the  mineral  wealth  of  the  State  and  annually  collects  statistics 
regarding  the  value  and  amount  of  output  of  the  mines,  quarries, 
and  other  mineral  industries.  Since  the  organization  of  the 
Survey  the  annual  output  of  mineral  products  has  more  than 
doubled  in  value. 

For  twelve  years,  from  1898  to  1910,  the  Survey  had  charge 
of  the  State  road  building  and  constructed  nearly  one  hundred 
and  fifty  miles  of  highways  at  an  expense  of  about  one  million 
and  a  half  dollars.  It  has  also  prepared  all  of  the  State's 
mineral  exhibits  at  expositions  in  recent  years. 

GENERAL  ARRANGEMENT  OF  THE  COLLECTIONS. 

The  general  arrangement  of  exhibits  may  be  seen  on  the 
accompanying  diagram.  Toward  the  east  side  of  the  hall  are  the 
structural  materials  including  the  clay  products,  such  as  fire- 
brick, terra  cotta,  tile  and  the  different  types  of  structural  brick, 
slate,  and  the  building  and  decorative  stones.  On  the  west  side 
of  the  hall  are  the  displays  of  pottery  manufactured  in  Mary- 
land and  the  various  coals  found  in  the  State.  On  the  south 
side  are  the  agricultural  soil  types  and  certain  special  exhibits 
such  as  those  of  lime  and  cement,  flint  and  feldspar,  barytes,  and 
silica  (diatomaceous  earth).  On  the  north  side  are  the  iron  and 


s 


GUIDE  TO  STATE  MINERAL  EXHIBIT 


copper  ores.  On  the  walls  are  instructive  exhibits  of  the  methods 
of  road  construction,  several  plate-glass  cases  containing  a  syste- 
matic collection  of  rocks,  minerals  and  fossils  found  in  Maryland, 
maps  showing  the  distribution  of  certain  physical  features  through- 
out the  State  and  numerous  special  maps,  pictures  and  transpar- 
encies illustrating  the  work  of  the  Maryland  Geological  Survey. 


.APPALACHIAN      PRCVIMCE. 


r 

OF 

-;^^Wf-\ 

MARYLAND 

'  ~  /yT"  •  - 

SHOWING  THE 

•     '••  .     .<-' 

PHYSIOGRAPHIC  PROVINCES 

MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 
WM    BULLOCK  CLARK,  STATE  GEOLOGIST 

-; 

3 

I 

MAP  OF  MARYLAND  SHOWING  THE  PHYSIOGRAPHIC  PROVINCES. 

LARGE  GENERAL  WALL  MAPS. 

On  the  north  and  west  walls,  above  the  other  exhibits,  are 
three  large  maps  of  Maryland,  7x12  feet  in  size,  which  show 
many  of  the  characteristic  physical  features  of  the  State.  They 
represent  respectively  the  Physiographic  Provinces,  the  Relative 
Elevations  and  the  Geology  and  Agricultural  Soils.  Much  infor- 
mation appears  upon  them  which  might  be  easily  overlooked, 
and  some  of  this,  which  can  be  readily  derived  from  the  maps, 
is  presented  in  the  following  paragraphs. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  9 

MAP    SHOWING    PHYSIOGRAPHIC    PROVINCES. 

This  map  shows  that  Maryland  forms  a  portion  of  the  Atlantic 
slope,  which  stretches  from  the  crest  of  the  Alleghanies  to  the 
sea,  and  furthermore  that  the  State  is  divisible  into  three  more 
or  less  sharply  defined  regions  known  as  the  Coastal  Plain,  corre- 
sponding to  Eastern  and  Southern  Maryland;  the  Piedmont 
Plateau  corresponding  to  Central  and  Northern  Maryland ;  and 
the  Appalachian  Region  corresponding  to  Western  Maryland. 
Each  of  these  divisions  has  particular  characteristics  which  have 
their  influence  on  the  mineral  and  agricultural  industries,  and 
consequently  intimately  affect  the  welfare  of  the  people. 

The  Coastal  Plain  includes  the  low,  partially-submerged  sur- 
face extending  from  the  line  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad 
to  the  edge  of  the  continental  shelf,  about  50  miles  off  the  shore 
of  Worcester  County.  It  consists  of  two  divisions,  the  submarine 
division  to  the  east  of  the  present  ocean  border,  at  times  in  the 
past  epochs  forming  part  of  the  land  area,  and  the  subaerial 
division,  or  land  portion,  which  is  divided  by  the  Chesapeake 
Bay  into  the  Eastern  Shore  and  the  Western  Shore.  The  Coastal 
Plain  differs  from  the  other  provinces  of  the  State  in  its  nearly 
level  surface  configuration,  and  its  marine  and  brackish  estuaries. 
On  the  Eastern  Shore  it  is  generally  low,  the  greater  portion 
of  the  country  being  less  than  25  feet  above  sea  level,  elevations  of 
100  feet  and  more  being  rare  and  confined  to  the  northern  part 
of  the  district.  Its  rivers  of  estuarine  character  are  broad  and 
navigable  for  long  distances  until  they  pass  abruptly  into  insignifi- 
cant sluggish  streams.  On  the  Western  Shore  the  same  conditions 
hold  true  except  that  the  land  is  higher,  in  places  exceeding  250 
feet  in  elevation,  and  the  surface  of  the  country  correspondingly 
rougher.  Throughout  the  entire  Coastal  Plain  several  terraces 
may  be  recognized  rising  from  one  level  expanse  to  another. 
These  represent  stages  in  the  later  geological  history  of  Mary- 
land and  were  formed  by  the  action  of  waves  working  on  the 
soft  materials  in  much  the  same  way  as  they  are  at  the  present 
time  acting  on  the  low  cliffs  along  the  Chesapeake  Bay  shore 
and  the  smaller  estuaries. 


10 


GUIDE  TO  STATE  MINERAL  EXHIBIT 


The  Piedmont  Plateau  is  a  low-lying  country  of  complex  origin 
whose  rolling  surface  is  traversed  by  highlands  and  cut  by  valleys 
which  often  trench  the  upland  as  deep  gorges.  It  is  divided  into 
an  eastern  division  and  a  western  division  by  the  inter-stream 
elevation  known  as  Parr's  Ridge,  which,  passing  from  western 


VIEW  OF  A  PORTION  OF  THE  STATE  MINERAL  EXHIBIT  AT  ANNAPOLIS. 

Montgomery  County  across  Howard  and  Carroll  counties,  rises 
to  an  elevation  of  over  noo  feet  near  the  Pennsylvania  line.  A 
close  study  of  this  central  portion  of  Maryland  shows  that  the 
level-topped  hills  and  broad  stretches  between  the  streams  are 
remnants  of  old  plains  cut  out  of  the  high  plateau  that  formerly 
stretched  across  the  district  from  the  Appalachians  to  the  sea. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


11 


Four  such  plains  may  be  recognized  by  patching  together  their 
present  remnants.  The  history  of  this  district  has  also  left  its 
impression  on  the  inhabitants.  The  best  farming  lands  lie  either 
on  the  flat-topped  ridges  or  on  the  richer  but  wetter  flood-plains 
of  the  valleys,  and  here  may  be  found  the  most  prosperous 
agriculturalists.  The  trenching  of  the  old  plains  has  exposed  the 


VIEW  OF  RELIEF  MODEL  OF  STATE,  SHOWING  ELEVATIONS. 

underlying  rocks  and  stimulated  the  quarrying  of  building  stones. 
It  has  also  determined  the  location  of  the  highways,  while  the 
waters  descending  from  the  highlands  to  the  valley  bottoms  have 
developed  water-powers  which  have  been  utilized  by  the  numerous 
small  mills  throughout  the  district. 

The  Appalachian  Region,  extending  from  the  Piedmont  Plateau 
on  the  east  to  beyond  the  western  limits  of  the  State,  consists  of  a 
series  of  parallel  mountain  ranges  separated  by  deep  valleys. 


12  GUIDE  TO  STATE  MINERAL  EXHIBIT 

As  the  map  shows,  this  region  may  be  divided  into  the  following 
four  natural  divisions:  the  Blue  Ridge  on  the  east,  followed  by  the 
Great  Valley  (Hagerstown  Valley),  the  Alleghany  Ridges  from 
North  Mountain  to  Big  Savage  Mountain,  and  the  Alleghany 
Plateau  from  this  point  to  the  western  limits  of  the  State.  These 
are  but  small  segments  of  similar  divisions  which  extend  north- 
ward into  Pennsylvania  and  southward  across  the  Virginias  into 
the  South  Atlantic  States. 

The  accentuated  surface  features  of  the  Appalachian  Region 
have  strongly  influenced  the  life  of  the  inhabitants.  The  obstacles 
to  communication  offered  by  successive  parallel  ridges  delayed 
settlement  and  restricted  the  east  and  west  lines  of  travel  to  the 
valleys  of  the  Potomac  in  Maryland,  the  Susquehanna  in  Penn- 
sylvania, and  the  James  in  Virginia.  Even  before  the  advent  of 
the  Europeans  the  Indians  had  adopted  these  same  lines  of  travel, 
which  are  now  utilized  by  the  railroads,  canals,  and  highways. 
The  steepness  of  the  mountain  slopes  limited  the  farming  to  the 
valleys,  and  lumbering  and  grazing  to  the  mountains,  while  the 
presence  of  great  beds  of  coal  has  been  the  cause  of  the  develop- 
ment of  large  mining  communities  in  the  Georges  Creek  and 
Upper  Potomac  Valleys. 

MAP  SHOWING  RELATIVE  ELEVATIONS. 

The  large  map  showing  the  Relative  Elevations  of  the  different 
parts  of  the  State  represents  in  a  different  way  the  facts  shown 
on  the  relief  model  of  the  State,  a  view  of  which  is  given 
on  page  u.  The  increasing  elevation  is  shown  on  the  map  by  pro- 
gressively deeper  colors,  the  highest  points  being  represented  by 
the  darkest  colors.  This  map  and  the  cut  of  the  model  show 
the  great  expanse  of  land  below  100  feet  on  the  Eastern  Shore, 
the  higher  and  more  rugged  character  of  Southern  Maryland, 
where  most  of  the  surface  outside  the  stream  valleys  is  over  100 
feet,  the  broad  Plateau  of  Central  Maryland  lying  between  500 
and  1000  feet,  the  Blue  Ridge  and  Catoctin  mountains  with  their 
tops  averaging  nearly  2000  feet,  the  Alleghany  Plateau  of 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


13 


Allegany  and  Garrett  counties  fully  2500  feet  high,  and  the 
summits  of  Big  Savage  and  Great  Backbone  mountains  rising 
above  3000  feet. 

MAP    SHOWING    GEOLOGICAL    FORMATIONS    AND    AGRICULTURAL    SOILS. 

The  large  map  on  the  wall  over  the  glass  cases  and  the  new 
geological  map  of  the  State  recently  published  give  even  more 


VIEW  OF  A  PORTION  OF  THE  STATE  MINERAL  EXHIBIT  AT  ANNAPOLIS. 


information  regarding  the  physical  features  of  the  State  than 
either  of  the  foregoing  maps,  since  all  of  the  features  depicted  on 
the  former  are  more  or  less  directly  the  result  of  the  differences 
in  the  underlying  geological  formations.  The  geological  maps 
show  by  their  different  groupings  of  colors  that  there  are  funda- 


14  GUIDE  TO  STATE  MINERAL  EXHIBIT 

mental  differences  between  the  rocks  of  the  three  physiographic 
provinces  already  described.  Those  of  the  Piedmont  Plateau 
are  the  earliest  and  most  crystalline,  and  include  representatives 
of  the  oldest  rocks  known  (Archean  and  Paleozoic)  and  many 
igneous  rocks  (granite,  gabbro,  diabase,  etc.),  over  which  are 
found  in  places  early  Mesozoic  deposits.  The  rocks  of  the 
Appalachian  Region  are  next  in  age  and  belong  for  the  most 
part  to  the  Paleozoic  era,  ranging  from  the  Cambrian  to  the 
Permian.  The  Coastal  Plain  contains  the  youngest  and  least 
consolidated  rocks,  ranging  in  age  from  the  later  Mesozoic  to  the 
Recent. 

The  diversity  of  geological  formations,  fifty-six  of  which  are 
shown  on  the  more  detailed  and  smaller  map  elsewhere  in  the 
exhibit,  is  unusual,  no  other  State  in  the  Union  of  similar  area 
containing  representatives  of  as  many  types  as  those  occurring  in 
Maryland.  Moreover  these  formations  range  in  age  from  the 
oldest  to  the  youngest  with  but  few  breaks. 

Maryland  thus  contains  an  epitome  of  the  geological  history 
of  the  earth.  So  far  as  this  history  relates  to  Maryland  it  may 
be  summarized  as  follows: 

During  the  earliest  periods  of  which  there  is  any  record  there 
probably  existed  in  the  Piedmont  Region  of  Maryland  a  land 
area,  with  a  series  of  low  ridges  or  mountain  chains,  extending 
from  near  the  Blue  Ridge  eastward  beyond  the  present  limits  of 
land  for  some  distance  over  what  is  now  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 
A  large  but  shallow  sea  extended  westward  along  whose  shores 
were  sands  and  gravels  similar  to  those  of  the  present  coasts. 
These  became  the  Cambrian  sandstones  of  the  Blue  Ridge  and 
nearby  areas.  The  shore-line  probably  was  not  straight  and  long 
arms  of  the  sea  may  have  extended  northeasterly  across  the  Pied- 
mont in  which  were  laid  down  sandstones  and  limestones  the 
latter  of  which  have  now  become  the  marbles  of  Baltimore  and 
Howard  counties.  Certainly  this  was  the  case  in  the  Great 
Valley,  where  the  Shenandoah  limestones  carry  fossils  of  great 
antiquity. 

This  great  inland  sea  continued  for  eons,  its  shore-line  shifting 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


15 


from  time  to  time,  and  its  waters  teeming  with  numberless  forms 
of  life  whose  remains  may  be  found  as  fossils  in  the  rocks  to- 
day. The  shifting  of  the  shore-line,  the  change  in  the  height  of 
the  land  to  the  eastward,  and  the  growth  and  death  of  millions 


VIEW  OF  A  PORTION  OF  THE  STATE  MINERAL  EXHIBIT  AT  ANNAPOLIS. 

of  little  animals  are  all  told  in  the  sandstones,  shales,  and  lime- 
stones of  Appalachian  Maryland.  With  all  the  changes  back  and 
forth  there  was  a  gradual  permanent  shifting  of  the  shore-line 
westward  until  in  Carboniferous  time  there  were  only  great 
swamps  in  Western  Maryland  in  which  were  deposited  thick 
beds  of  vegetable  matter  which  became  the  great  beds  of  coal 
that  have  been  of  such  value  to  the  people  of  the  State.  Finally, 


16  GUIDE  TO  STATE  MINERAL  EXHIBIT 

toward  the  close  of  the  Paleozoic  era,  the  shore-line  of  this  western 
sea  passed  beyond  the  limits  of  Western  Maryland.  Since 
then  few  if  any  deposits  have  been  laid  down  in  this  area. 
Its  subsequent  history  has  been  one  of  folding  of  the  rocks 
into  arches  and  basins  as  they  are  found  to-day,  and  of  the 
gradual  wearing  away  of  the  uplifted  land  by  the  rains  and 
running  waters.  During  the  progress  of  these  events  in  the 
western  part  of  the  State  similar  changes  were  probably  taking 
place  to  the  eastward,  but  little  is  known  of  the  incidents 
because  the  records  have  been  obscured  by  later  deposits.  It  is 
probable,  however,  that  the  Atlantic  Ocean  was  working  its  way 
westward,  for  the  red  sandstones  of  Frederick  and  Montgomery 
counties  record  the  fact  that  soon  after  the  formation  of  the  coal 
beds  narrow  estuaries  of  the  Atlantic,  not  very  different  from  the 
present  Chesapeake  Bay,  extended  for  long  distances  along  the 
foot  of  the  Blue  Ridge  and  to  the  eastward.  At  this  time  the 
entire  region  was  a  low  plain  extending  from  the  Atlantic  on  the 
east  westward  as  far  as  Cumberland  and  possibly  beyond  the 
limits  of  the  State,  although  there  are  some  indications  that  the 
waters  of  western  Allegany  and  Garrett  counties  flowed  westward 
and  not  to  the  Atlantic.  Remnants  of  this  old  plain  may  still  be 
seen  in  the  tops  of  Parr's  Ridge,  Blue  Ridge,  Dan's  and  Big 
Savage  mountains. 

On  this  old  surface  were  laid  down  the  earliest  deposits  of  the 
Coastal  Plain.  Time  and  again,  owing  to  the  seaward  tilting 
of  the  land,  the  Atlantic  has  swept  back  over  the  border  of  the 
Piedmont  Plateau,  and  more  than  once  the  land  has  been  worn 
down  to  an  almost  featureless  plain,  with  only  here  and  there  a 
ridge  rising  above  its  general  level.  Each  change  is  recorded  in 
the  clays  and  sands  of  the  Coastal  Plain  or  in  the  surface  fea- 
tures of  different  parts  of  the  State. 

The  geological  map,  together  with  the  samples  and  model, 
shows  where  the  commercial  beds  of  coal  are  to  be  looked  for 
and  gives  to  one  who  may  read  it  a  knowledge  of  the  extent  and 
something  of  the  depth  of  the  more  important  seams.  It  tells, 
when  compared  with  the  specimens  in  the  collection,  approxi- 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


17 


mately  where  the  different  kinds  of  clay  or  building  stone  may 
be  found  and  indicates  where  search  should  be  made  for  quarry 
sites  favorably  located  to  transportation  facilities  and  markets. 
The  relation  between  the  soils  and  the  underlying  formations 


VIEW  OF  A  PORTION  OF  THE  STATE  MINERAL  EXHIBIT  AT  ANNAPOLIS. 


makes  it  possible  to  gain  similar  information  respecting  the  places 
where  agricultural  soils  of  desired  types  occur. 

The  scale  of  both  geological  maps  is  manifestly  too  small  to 
indicate  these  facts  in  detail.  This  information  is  to  be  obtained 
from  the  large  scale  county  maps  and  publications  of  the  Mary- 
land Geological  Survey. 


18  GUIDE  TO  STATE  MINERAL  EXHIBIT 

COUNTY  MAPS. 

About  the  walls  are  numerous  county  maps  prepared  by  the 
Survey  to  illustrate  the  topography  and  election  districts,  the 
agricultural  soils,  the  geology,  and  the  forest  types  of  the  different 
counties.  These  county  maps  and  the  publications  can  be  obtained 
at  small  cost  from  the  office  of  the  Survey  at  the  Johns  Hopkins 
University. 

TRANSPARENCIES. 

The  beautiful  transparencies  in  the  different  windows,  colored 
in  autumnal  foliage,  depict  a  few  of  the  many  picturesque 
features  of  Maryland  scenery.  Many  of  the  subjects  are  taken 
from  Western  Maryland,  where  the  relief  is  greatest  and  the 
scenes  most  striking.  Equally  attractive  spots,  with  quieter  lines 
and  softer  blending  of  woodland,  hill  and  stream,  may  be  found 
in  the  eastern  and  southern  parts  of  the  State.  The  circular 
transparencies  represent  the  appearance  of  typical  Maryland 
rocks  when  seen  with  the  aid  of  a  polarizing  microscope. 

MODELS. 

The  models  of  portions  of  Maryland  territory  are  of  interest 
since  they  represent  two  distinctly  different  types  of  surface.  The 
largest  model  is  that  of  Baltimore  and  vicinity,  which  is  6x4  feet 
and  is  on  the  scale  of  4  inches  to  the  mile.  This  particular  model 
is  unusual  since  there  has  been  no  exaggeration  of  the  elevation*. 
The  slopes  of  the  hills  and  the  valleys  are  the  same  as  they  are  in 
nature.  This  makes  the  model  look  very  flat,  but  it  emphasizes 
the  error  of  the  popular  misconception  regarding  the  roughness 
of  the  earth's  surface. 

The  model  of  the  coal  fields  of  Garrett  and  Allegany  counties 
seems  more  exact,  but  here  the  region  is  quite  mountainous  and 
the  relative  elevations  have  been  made  five  times  higher  than 
they  are  in  nature.  This  model  is  particularly  instructive  in 
illustrating  how  different  geological  formations  resting  one  above 
another  have  been  folded,  bringing  them  to  the  surface  in  a 
succession  of  different  outcrops.  This  is  well  shown  in  the 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


19 


position  of  the  coal  beds  which  outcrop   about  the  edges  of  the 
Georges  Creek  valley  but  are  often  buried  at  its  center. 

The  model  of  Cecil  County  is  also  on  an  exaggerated  vertical 
scale  and  represents  the  transition  from  the  highlands  of  the 
Piedmont  Plateau  to  the  lowlands  of  the  Coastal  Plain. 

MINERAL   PRODUCTS. 

Maryland,  though  relatively  small  in  area,  has  a  great  variety 
of  mineral  products,  chiefly  non-metallic,  which  afford  the  basis 
for  important  commercial  enterprises  or  give  promise  of  pros- 
pective value.  Many  of  these  deposits  have  been  worked  since 
early  Colonial  days,  especially  the  clays  and  iron  ores;  others, 
like  the  coal,  have  been  the  basis  for  important  industries  for  more 
than  half  a  century;  while  still  others,  such  as  the  feldspar  in- 
dustry, are  of  relatively  recent  development.  The  annual  output 
for  these  industries  has  been  steadily  on  the  increase,  and  few 
realize  the  magnitude  of  the  local  enterprises  which  reached  in 
value  $11,587,636  in  1910.  The  accompanying  figure  shows  the 
relative  values  of  the  annual  production  in  the  different  mineral 
industries. 

VALUE  OF  THE  ANNUAL  OUTPUT  OF  MINERAL 
PRODUCTS,   1896-1910. 


Year. 

Coal  and 
coke. 

Stone. 

Flint  and 
feldspar. 

Sand  and 
gravel. 

Lime  and 
cement. 

1896 

$3,299,928 

$457,764 

* 

$365,477 

1897 

3363.996 

458.811 

* 

286,441 

1898 

3,532,257 

703,873 

* 

399.938 

1899 

3,667,056 

636,547 

* 

372,322 

1900 

3,927.381 

727  640 

$33.420 

421,745 

1901 

5,046,491 

866.524 

45,929 

488  3?2 

1902 

5,579,869 

1,113,854 

83,236 

487,597 

1903 

7,189,784 

1,126,993 

86,898 

46H.11  3 

1904 

6,940,739 

1,160.676 

98,867 

$219,268 

345  329 

1905 

6,941,882 

1,409.053 

75,552 

436.828 

393,741 

1906 

7,602,790 

1,370,924 

12H.832 

285,797 

383.135 

1907 

8,035,772 

1,555,415 

92.503 

268,048 

334,316 

1908 

6.m,375 

1,070.62:> 

104.563 

404,166 

332,455 

1909 

5,591.148 

1,146,793 

86,663 

193.757 

482,446 

1910 

7,174.931 

1,243,334 

97,750 

396,357 

629.923 

20 


GUIDE  TO  STATE  MINERAL  EXHIBIT 


[ 

Year. 

Clay  and 
clay 
products. 

Ores  (gold, 
copper,  iron 
mineral 
paint). 

Miscella- 
Minorai      neous  (soap- 
^l1?!™1       stone,  talc, 
waters.       marl<  Qmca^ 

etc.). 

Total. 

j 

1896 

$1,595,055 

$53,304 

$58,339 

$4,631 

$5,834,498 

1897 

1,312,889 

27,660 

21,185 

4,747 

5,475,729 

1898 

1,254.860    i            18,862 

29,779 

4.531 

5,944,150 

1899 

1,683,596     i            26,557 

13,045 

10,344          6,409,467 

1900 

1,714,234                67,429 

36,849 

10,845 

6.939,543 

1901 

1.613,663     i            45,135 

57,680                11,500 

8,175,244 

1902 

1.915,417                61,826 

45,100                  5,500 

9,282,339 

1903 

1,921,821 

as,6i2 

45,918 

9.360 

10,883,498 

1904 

1,886.277 

25,421 

44,320                  5,850 

10,726,747 

1905 

2,282,856 

35,152 

44,627 

6.782 

11,626,473 

1906 

2,178,617 

15,624 

58,334 

21,416 

12,043.469 

1907 

1,916,238 

34,767 

110,039 

32,250 

12,397.348 

1908 

1,472,481 

37.758 

75,858 

23,700 

9,694.929 

1909 

1,774.676 

32,061 

90,855                 18,000 

9.416.398 

1910 

1,898,674 

38,743 

102,371                  5,543 

11,587,636 

BUILDING  STONE  PYRAMID. 

The  pyramid  shows  56  cubes  representing  the  most  prominent 
building  stones  of  the  State.  Each  cube  is  8  inches  in  diameter, 
with  each  of  its  six  faces  differently  trimmed,  effectively  bringing 
out  the  possibilities  of  the  stone.  The  tops  represent  the  natural 
face  of  the  rock,  the  front  faces  are  polished  and  the  sides  are 
bush-hammered,  pointed,  or  otherwise  dressed  to  emphasize  the 
quality  and  varying  appearance  of  the  stones.  On  one  side  of 
the  pyramid  are  the  granites,  including  the  well-known  products 
from  Port  Deposit,  Woodstock,  Guilford,  Ellicott  City,  and 
Baltimore.  Another  side  is  devoted  to  the  sandstones,  including 
those  from  Baltimore,  Carroll,  Frederick,  Montgomery,  Wash- 
ington, and  Allegany  counties.  A  third  is  devoted  to  the  darker- 
colored  serpentines,  gabbros  and  trap  rocks.  A  fourth  side 
includes  the  white  marbles  from  Baltimore  County  and  the  lime- 
stones from  the  western  part  of  the  State.  Each  side  is  supported 
by  polished  risers  of  Woodstock,  Guilford  and  Port  Deposit 
granite,  and  Baltimore  gneiss.  The  whole  is  capped  by  a  pyramid 
of  polished  Potomac  marble  from  Washington  Junction.  At  each 
corner  stands  a  graceful  polished  column.  One  is  of  deep  green 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


21 


Ores  (iron,  copper,  gold,  etc.),  $38,743. 
'Mineral  waters,  $102,371. 

Porcelain  materials,  soapstone,  talc,  etc.,  $103,293. 

Road  materials,  $225,000. 
Sands  and  gravel,  $396,357. 

Lime  and  cement,  $629,923. 


Building  and  decorative  stone, 
$1,018,344. 


Clays  and  clay  products, 
$1,898,674. 


Coal  and  coke, 
$7,174,931. 


DIAGRAM  SHOWING  RELATIVE  VALUE  OF  MARYLAND  MINERAL 
PRODUCTS  IN  1910. 


22 


GUIDE  TO  STATE  MINERAL  EXHIBIT 


serpentine,  or  verde  antique,  from  Harford  County;  another  of 
brown  or  Seneca  sandstone;  a  third  of  glistening  white  Beaver 
Dam  marble,  and  a  fourth  of  the  monumental  gray  granite  from 
Guilford  and  Port  Deposit.  Each  column  is  surmounted  by  a 
polished  ball  of  the  same  material. 

The   large   field   boulders   of   serpentine    and   Potomac  marble 


MAP 

OF 

MARYLAND 

SHOWING  THE  DISTRIBUTION 
OF 

BUILDING  STONES 


MAP  OF  MARYLAND  SHOWING  THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  BUILDING  STONES. 

with  their  polished  surfaces  are  of  especial  interest  in  showing 
the  use  that  may  be  made  of  what  at  first  glance  appears  to  be 
worthless  material. 

Near  the  pyramid,  in  the  center  of  the  hall,  is  an  obelisk  of 
Potomac  marble  resting  on  a  base  of  light  gray  sandstone,  show- 
ing what  can  be  accomplished  by  this  method  of  treatment.  Back 
of  the  central  table  in  the  niche  is  a  column  of  serpentine  from 
Baltimore  County  resting  on  a  granite  base  from  Port  Deposit. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  23 

Additional  specimens  of  decorative  stone  are  exhibited  in  the 
large  glass  case  in  the  center  of  the  room. 

The  rocks  of  the  State  include  many  varieties  of  excellent 
building  and  decorative  stones.  The  largest  portion  of  the  pro- 
duct is  obtained  from  the  Piedmont  Plateau,  or  that  part  of  the 
State  lying  north  and  west  of  Washington  and  Baltimore  and 
east  of  the  Blue  Ridge.  The  central  location  of  this  area, 
traversed  as  it  is  by  several  railroads,  places  it  within  a  con- 
venient distance  of  the  prominent  Eastern  cities.  The  rich  variety 
of  the  rocks  suitable  for  structural  and  decorative  purposes  is 
attested  by  the  many  beautiful  specimens  in  this  collection.  The 
areal  distribution  of  the  more  prominent  types  is  given  in  the  ac- 
companying figure,  and  the  principal  features  are  described  in 
the  following  paragraphs. 

Granites.  Granite  is  the  broad  family  name  that  is  applied  to 
a  large  and  common  group  of  rocks  which  are  usually  of  a  some- 
what mottled  light  gray  color,  and  almost  always  carry  the  min- 
erals quartz  and  feldspar  as  essential  constituents.  Besides  these, 
which  constitute  the  mass  of  the  rock,  there  are  dark-colored  iron- 
bearing  minerals  such  as  black  mica  or  biotite,  hornblende,  and 
occasionally  pyroxene.  Certain  of  the  granites  in  which  the  con- 
stituents are  arranged  in  roughly  parallel  lines,  as  well  as  certain 
other  rocks  with  a  similar  banded  arrangement  of  the  same  min- 
erals, are  called  gneiss. 

The  regions  in  Maryland  where  granite  and  gneiss  are  most 
extensively  worked  are  at  Port  Deposit  in  Cecil  County,  in  the 
vicinity  of  Baltimore,  at  Woodstock  or  Granite  in  Baltimore 
County,  and  at  Ellicott  City  and  Guilford  in  Howard  County. 
Specimens  from  each  of  these  localities  may  be  found  in  the 
collection.  Other  areas  in  Howard,  Montgomery,  and  Frederick 
counties  and  in  the  District  of  Columbia  contain  some  good  stone, 
but  this  is  quarried  only  for  local  use. 

Marbles  and  Limestones.  The  marbles  and  limestones  are  more 
widely  distributed  throughout  the  State  than  the  granites,  occur- 
ring in  larger  or  smaller  areas  in  all  the  northern,  central  and 
western  counties. 


24 


GUIDE  TO  STATE  MINERAL  EXHIBIT 


The  marbles  have  long  been  known  for  their  great  value  in 
building  and  monumental  work,  and  have  been  utilized  since 
the  beginning  of  the  last  century.  They  are,  with  a  single  ex- 
ception, confined  to  the  highly  crystalline  rocks  of  the  Piedmont 


GENERAL  VIEW  OF  EXHIBIT  MADE  BY  THE  SURVEY  AT  THE  PAN- AMERICAN  EXPOSITION, 

BUFFALO,  1901. 


Plateau.  Those  which  are  being  worked  at  present  occur  in 
Baltimore  and  Washington  counties.  The  former  is  extensively 
used  in  building  and  decorative  work,  while  the  latter  has  only 
recently  been  put  on  the  market  as  a  decorative  stone.  Specimens 
of  the  former  may  be  seen  in  the  columns  and  cubes  of  the  build- 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  25 

ing  stone  pyramid,  and  slabs  of  the  latter  are  displayed  in  the 
large  glass  case. 

The  Potomac  marble,  or  "  calico  rock,"  is  an  interesting  variety 
which  is  found  at  several  places  along  the  eastern  slope  of 
Catoctin  Mountain,  being  quarried  at  Washington  Junction.  It 
is  represented  in  the  pyramid  and  in  the  small  obelisk  nearby, 
as  well  as  by  smaller  specimens  in  the  large  glass  case. 

The  serpentine  or  "  verde  antique  marble "  has  been  used  as 
a  decorative  stone  and  is  quarried  in  a  small  way  in  Harford 
and  Baltimore  counties,  while  other  areas  are  found  in  Cecil, 
Howard,  and  Montgomery  counties.  That  the  stone  is  well  suited 
to  form  beautiful  columns  and  slabs  is  shown  by  the  many 
specimens  in  the  collection. 

The  limestones  are  confined  to  the  western  part  of  the  State, 
where  they  have  been  quarried  for  local  building  purposes  and 
for  road  metal  and  cements.  These  stones  are  usually  of  a  deep 
blue  color  when  freshly  quarried,  but  upon  exposure  they  gradu- 
ally change  to  dove-gray,  giving  a  most  pleasing  effect  to  the 
surfaces  of  the  buildings. 

Sandstones.  Although  there  is  but  one  sandstone  within  the 
State  which  has  attained  any  considerable  reputation  as  a  build- 
ing stone,  there  are  many  formations  in  different  parts  of  the  area 
which  furnish  suitable  sandstones  for  local  construction.  As  is 
the  case  with  all  building  stones,  the  factor  of  transportation 
facilities  is  so  important  that  only  those  materials  can  come  into 
general  use  which  are  high  class  and  favorably  situated  to  prom- 
inent lines  of  travel  either  by  rail  or  by  boat. 

Among  the  different  sandstones  the  most  important  is  that  of  the 
Triassic  formations  which  is  found  in  Montgomery,  Frederick,  and 
Carroll  counties.  This  is  the  source  of  the  red  and  brown  sand- 
stones used  in  many  of  the  better  class  buildings  in  the  cities.  The 
stone  is  easily  worked,  suitable  for  delicate  carving,  of  pleasing 
color  and  sufficiently  permanent  when  properly  used  to  withstand 
moderate  exposure.  The  variations  in  color  are  shown  by  com- 
paring the  column  from  Seneca  with  the  pedestal  from  Wash- 
ington Junction. 


26 


GUIDE  TO  STATE  MINERAL  EXHIBIT 


Gabbro,  Diabase,  etc.  Occasionally  the  darker-colored  igneous 
rocks  such  as  the  coarse-grained  gabbro  and  the  finer-grained  dia- 
base are  put  on  the  market  as  "  dark  granites."  The  gabbro 
occurs  in  large  areas  in  Cecil,  Harford,  Baltimore,  and  Howard 


NEAR  VIEW  OF  MINERAL  EXHIBIT  AT  BUFFALO,  1901. 

counties.  The  diabase  occurs  in  the  same  counties  as  narrow 
dikes.  In  Frederick  County,  where  it  occurs  in  wide  dikes  and 
sheets,  especially  near  the  Pennsylvania  border,  it  has  been  worked 
to  some  extent  as  "  Gettysburg  granite."  The  bright  green 
epidote  schist  of  the  Blue  Ridge  might  be  worked  as  a  decorative 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  27 

stone,  but  up  to  the  present  time  it  has  not  been  utilized.     Speci- 
men cubes  of  these  various  rocks  may  be  seen  on  the  pyramid. 

SLATE    PAVILION. 

The  slate  pavilion  is  erected  to  display  the  well-known  Peach 
Bottom  slates  manufactured  along  the  Mason  and  Dixon  line  in 
Harford  County,  Maryland,  and  York  County,  Pennsylvania, 
where  the  slate  beds  form  a  ridge  lying  east  and  south  of  the 
town  of  Delta,  Pennsylvania,  and  Cardiff,  Maryland.  The  ex- 
hibit shows  the  large,  irregular  masses  as  they  come  from  the 
quarry  to  the  shed,  the  rough  blocks  into  which  the  larger  masses 
are  broken  and  from  which  the  roofing  slates  are  split.  The 
split  slates  are  shown  in  their  irregular  shapes  and  when  trimmed 
ready  for  the  market.  The  slate  rock  does  not  differ  chemically 
from  many  worthless  shales  and  argillites,  but  the  material  has 
been  recrystallized  until  the  constituent  particles  are  all  arranged 
in  parallel  positions.  It  is  this  which  gives  the  cleavage  to  the 
rock.  The  material  is  so  strong  and  even-grained  that  it  can  be 
carved  and  sawed  in  spite  of  its  cleavability. 

The  slates  are  particularly  valuable  because  of  their  perma- 
nency of  color.  One  may  compare  the  sample  taken  from  the  old 
Slate  Ridge  church,  where  the  slate  was  exposed  to  the  weather 
for  over  one  hundred  years,  with  the  freshly-quarried  slates  nearby 
and  detect  no  change  in  color.  The  appearance  of  the  quarries, 
the  methods  of  quarrying  and  stacking  in  "  ricks "  before  ship- 
ment are  shown  by  the  photographs  in  the  booth  and  on  the  side 
wall  near  the  corner.  The  method  of  laying  roofing  slates  is 
well  shown  in  the  columns,  where  the  slates  of  one  course  may 
be  seen  overlapped  for  a  distance  of  two  to  three  inches  by  the 
slates  of  the  next  but  one  course  above.  The  unit  of  sale  of  slates 
is  a  "  square  "  or  enough  slates  to  cover  a  hundred  square  feet 
when  laid  with  a  "  lap  "  of  -2,\  to  3  inches.  The  number  of  pieces 
in  a  square  varies  with  the  size  of  the  slate. 

CLAYS    AND   CLAY    PRODUCTS. 

The  table  near  the  eastern  entrance  to  the  hall  is  devoted  to 
selected  samples  of  clays  arranged  according  to  their  uses  and  the 


28 


GUIDE  TO  STATE  MINERAL  EXHIBIT 


geological  age  of  the  deposits  in  which  they  occur.  Near  the 
door  are  eighteen  bottles  containing  samples  of  fire-clay,  which 
is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  fire-brick,  stove-linings,  re'torts  and 
many  other  objects  intended  to  withstand  great  heat.  The  term 
fire-clay  does  not  indicate  anything  beyond  the  fact  that  the 
material  does  not  fuse  under  3000°  F.  Two  types,  represented 


,    ,'•'•••    '• :  U "  <,*v=~-     v  v'-v-X-i.f!--*   £...  ••*—+'• — ("'*--\":; 

/ 


MAP  OF  MARYLAND  SHOWING  THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  CLAYS. 

in  the  large  blocks,  are  usually  recognizable  among  the  high-grade 
fire-clays  of  Western  Maryland,  namely,  the  plastic  or  soft  fire- 
clay which  develops  moderate  plasticity  on  grinding,  especially 
after  exposure  to  the  weather,  and  the  hard  or  flint  clay  which 
develops  little  or  no  plasticity  on  grinding.  The  clays  occur 
together  and  are  mixed  in  the  different  works  at  Mt.  Savage  and 
elsewhere.  The  fire-clays  of  the  eastern  part  of  the  State  are  usu- 
ally plastic,  especially  those  of  the  Arundel  formation.  Examples 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  29 

of  many  of  the  shapes  of  fire-brick  made  in  Maryland  are 
arranged  beneath  the  windows  along  the  east  wall.  The  samples 
between  the  large  blocks  and  the  east  erid  of  the  table  represent 
many  of  the  brick,  terra  cotta,  sewer-pipe  and  pottery  clays.  The 
industry  based  upon  these  different  clays  in  Maryland  is  one  of 
the  largest  in  the  State,  while  the  abundance  of  material  is  so 
great  that  these  industries  could  be  much  more  largely  developed 
than  they  are  at  present. 

The  principal  terra  cotta  clays  are  the  buff-burning  ones  from 
the  Arundel  formation  and  the  sandy  or  variegated  clays  of  the 
Patuxent  formation.  From  these,  excellent  terra  cotta  and  roof- 
ing-tile are  made,  as  is  shown  by  the  handsome  specimens  on  the 
wall  at  the  back  of  the  table  and  on  the  roof  of  the  adjacent 
pavilion.  The  uniformity  of  grain,  pleasing  color,  and  marked 
susceptibility  to  high-grade  molding  are  well  shown  in  the  large 
model  of  the  great  seal  of  the  State.  The  clays  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  sewer-pipe  are  chiefly  from  the  Arundel  formation. 

The  pottery  clays  include  the  impure  kaolins  from  Cecil  County 
and  the  various  clays  from  the  Arundel,  Patapsco,  and  Columbia 
formations.  According  to  their  varying  character  they  may  be 
used  for  white  earthenware  and  porcelain,  stoneware  and  yellow- 
ware,  or  for  common  red  earthenware.  The  manufacture  of 
pottery  forms  a  most  important  branch  of  the  Maryland  clay- 
working  industry,  and  their  attractive  products  may  be  seen  in 
different  parts  of  the  room,  especially  in  the  large  case  in  the 
center  of  the  hall. 

Brick-clays  are  very  abundant  and  well  distributed  throughout 
•  the  State.  They  are  found  in  all  the  clay-bearing  formations  of 
the  Coastal  Plain  of  Eastern  Maryland,  in  the  residual  soils  of  the 
Piedmont  Plateau  throughout  Central  Maryland,  and  in  the  shaly 
deposits  of  the  Appalachian  Region  of  Western  Maryland.  The 
Columbia  clay  loams,  on  account  of  their  grittiness  and  fer- 
ruginous character,  are  excellently  adapted  to  the  manufacture  of 
common  brick  and  are  widely  used  in  the  vicinity  of  Baltimore. 
They  have  enough  iron  to  burn  to  a  good  red  color,  sufficient 
quantity  of  fine  particles  to  give  the  desired  plasticity  and  enough 


30 


GUIDE  TO  STATE  MINERAL  EXHIBIT 


grit  to  prevent  excessive  shrinkage  in  burning.  The  Tertiary 
clays  are  less  wide-spread,  but  are  well  suited  to  the  manufacture 
of  pressed  or  common  brick.  The  clays  of  the  Raritan  formation 
are  buff-burning  and  are  well  developed  in  Anne  Arundel 


GENERAL  VIEW  OF  EXHIBIT  MADE  BY  THE  SURVEY  AT  THE  SOUTH  CAROLINA  INTERSTATE 
AND  WEST  INDIAN  EXPOSITION,  CHARLESTON,  1902. 

County,  where  they  are  worked  extensively  for  pressed  brick. 
The  Patapsco  formation  consists  essentially  of  variegated  clays, 
which  are  well  exposed  near  the  water  from  Anne  Arundel  to 
Cecil  counties.  They  occur  in  large  bodies,  are  quite  plastic  and 
are  well  adapted  to  supplying  the  materials  for  large  clay-work- 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  31 

ing  plants  in  common,  or  pressed  brick,  or  terra  cotta.  The 
Arundel,  or  iron-ore  clays,  are  abundant  and  excellently  adapted 
for  the  making  of  both  common  and  pressed  brick.  They  are 
moderately  siliceous,  highly  plastic,  and  sufficiently  rich  in  iron 
to  burn  to  a  good  red  color.  The  Patuxent  clays  are  usually 
either  too  sandy  to  make  good  common  brick  or  not  sufficiently 
refractory  for  making  the  higher  grade  fire-brick  wares. 

The  residual  clays  of  the  Piedmont  Plateau  include  the  white 
kaolin  deposits  of  Cecil  and  Harford  counties  and  the  impure 
residual  clays  which  may  be  worked  for  common  brick.  These 
may  be  found  overlying  the  granites,  gabbros,  serpentines,  gneisses, 
shales,  and  limestones,  and  their  character  will  vary  somewhat 
according  to  the  character  of  the  underlying  rocks.  The  gabbros 
yield  highly  plastic,  deeply  ferruginous  clays;  the  granites,  clays 
less  plastic  and  less  ferruginous;  the  Triassic  sandstones,  uneven, 
impure  clays;  and  the  limestones  of  the  Frederick  and  Hagers- 
town  valleys,  medium  to  high  grade  residual  brick-clays. 

The  Appalachian  Region  contains  many  shales;  few  of  these, 
however,  are  likely  to  prove  serviceable  for  the  manufacture  of 
brick  or  other  clay  products  except  in  the  case  of  the  valuable 
fire-clays  already  discussed  and  the  shales  of  the  Jennings  for- 
mation of  Devonian  age.  The  latter,  while  a  trifle  too  siliceous 
and  granular  when  fresh,  upon  weathering  grind  to  a  reasonably 
plastic  mass  which  yields  a  good  vitrified  paving  brick.  The 
Tuscarora  sandstone  near  Cumberland  also  yields  the  sand  for 
the  "  lime-sand  "  brick  which  is  now  being  put  on  the  market. 

The  products  from  some  of  these  different  clays  are  represented 
in  the  pavilion  described  in  the  following  paragraph. 

BRICK    AND    TILE    PAVILION, 

This  pavilion  is  constructed  of  different  types  of  products  from 
the  plants  of  the  various  clay-working  operators  within  the  State. 
Of  the  six  columns  two  are  constructed  of  high-grade  common 
brick  from  the  works  of  the  Baltimore  Brick  Company,  two  are  of 
the  light  colored  lime-sand  brick  from  the  Cumberland  Granite 
Brick  Company,  and  two  are  of  face  brick  from  the  Washington 


32 


GUIDE  TO  STATE  MINERAL  EXHIBIT 


Hydraulic-Press  Brick  Company,  whose  materials  are  secured 
from  Harmans,  Anne  Arundel  County.  The  pavilion  is  floored 
with  enameled  brick  from  the  works  of  Andrew  Ramsay  at  Mt. 


MAP   SHOWING  LOCATION  OF   MARYLAND   COAL  BASINS. 

Savage,  and  with  the  different  types  of  brick  manufactured  by 
the  Washington  Hydraulic-Press  Brick  Company,  the  latter 
separated  by  a  few  courses  of  lime-sand  brick  from  Cumberland. 
The  roof  is  covered  with  glazed  roofing-tile  from  the  Edwin 
Bennett  Roofing  Tile  Works  of  Baltimore. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  33 

The  transparencies  hung  in  this  pavilion  represent  the  appear- 
ance of  Maryland  granite  and  diabase  as  seen  in  thin  section 
under  a  polarizing  microscope. 

COAL  PYRAMID. 

Near  the  west  entrance  to  the  hall  is  a  pyramid  composed 
of  coal  cubes  from  the  different  mines,  topped  by  a  large  pillar 
of  coal  from  the  mines  of  the  Consolidation  Coal  Company. 
These  specimens  of  coal  have  been  sent  by  the  more  prominent 
operators  now  engaged  in  working  the  many  beds  of  Maryland 
coal.  There  are  over  thirty  different  beds  of  coal  which  have 
been  recognized  as  occurring  in  Maryland,  but  at  the  present  time 
only  seven  or  eight  of  these  are  worked  for  more  than  local 
demands.  The  coals  of  the  State  occur  in  five  basins,  as  indicated 
in  the  accompanying  map.  Of  these  basins  the  most  important  is 
the  Georges  Creek,  and  the  next  in  importance  its  southern  contin- 
uation known  as  the  Upper  Potomac  basin.  The  others  are  as  yet 
practically  undeveloped  and  supply  only  local  demands.  The 
principal  mines  of  the  Georges  Creek  basin  are  in  the  "  Big 
Vein,"  or  Pittsburg  seam,  although  there  is  a  rapidly-growing 
development  in  the  use  of  the  underlying  "  small  veins."  In  the 
Upper  Potomac  basin  the  small  deposits  of  "  Big  Vein  "  within 
the  State  have  been  exhausted,  and  all  of  the  operations  are  now 
in  the  smaller  veins,  which  in  this  basin  cover  a  large  area. 

The  Maryland  coals  are  softer  than  anthracite  and  less  volatile 
than  the  bituminous  coals  of  Pennsylvania,  and  are  accordingly 
known  as  semi-bituminous.  They  possess  great  value  for  steam 
and  smithing  purposes  and  are  used  extensively  as  fuel  for  loco- 
motives, steamboats,  and  factories  along  the  Atlantic  coast. 

ORE    EXHIBIT. 

Maryland  is  rich  in  mineral  resources,  but  unlike  many  other 
States,  her  wealth  does  not  lie  in  valuable  ore  deposits  of  precious 
or  useful  metals.  These,  however,  are  Rot  lacking  although  only 
a  few  deposits  have  sustained  profitable  industries.  The  ore  table 


34 


GUIDE  TO  STATE  MINERAL  EXHIBIT 


in  the  center  of  the  hall  includes  exhibits  of  Maryland  ores  of 
iron  and  copper,  and  also  of  gold. 

Ores  of  iron  are  found  widely  distributed  in  Maryland,  the 
most  extensive  deposits  thus  far  discovered  being  the  brown 
hematite  ore  of  Frederick  and  Carroll  counties;  the  carbonate 


BUILDING  STONE  EXHIBIT  AT  CHARLESTON,  1902. 

ore  of  Prince  George's,  Anne  Arundel,  and  Baltimore  counties ; 
and  the  red  and  brown  hematites  found  in  the  Coal  Measures 
of  Western  Maryland.  The  iron  industries  of  the  State  started 
with  local  ores,  but  the  discovery  of  extensive  deposits  else- 
where has  practically  stopped  the  mining  of  hematite  ores  within 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  35 

the  State.  The  high  quality  of  the  carbonate  ores  still  makes 
it  possible  for  them  to  compete  with  the  cheaper  materials  from 
the  South  and  West.  The  iron  from1  the  Muirkirk  furnace  is 
of  exceptional  quality,  showing  a  tensile  strength  of  30,000  to 
40,000  pounds  to  the  square  inch.  The  product  of  this  plant  was 
largely  used  by  the  United  States  Government  in  its  manufacture 
of  gun  carriages  and  armor-piercing  projectiles.  Specimens  of 
Colonial  pig,  modern  pig,  test  pieces  and  the  ore  itself  may  be 
seen  in  the  exhibit.  The  hematite  ores  from  the  Piedmont 
Plateau  and  Western  Maryland  are  also  well  represented. 

Ores  of  copper  are  found  in  the  Piedmont  Plateau  and  in  the 
Blue  Ridge.  Those  of  the  Piedmont  evidently  occur  in  a  series 
of  zones  extending  across  Frederick  and  Carroll  counties  and 
about  the  Bare  Hills,  near  Baltimore.  In  every  instance  they 
seem  to  be  closely  related  to  igneous  rocks,  though  often  occurring 
most  abundantly  in  limestone,  as  at  the  well-known  Liberty 
mines.  Prior  to  the  discovery  of  rich  deposits  in  Michigan  in 
1844,  and  later  in  Montana  and  Arizona,  Maryland  was  an 
important  copper-producing  State.  At  the  present  time  there 
are  no  deposits  within  the  State  which  are  worked  profitably. 

Gold  ore  is  found  in  Montgomery  County.  Some  remarkably 
rich  specimens  have  been  obtained,  but  the  gold  is  so  unevenly 
distributed  that  it  has  never  been  worked  with  profit. 

POTTERY    AND    DECORATIVE    STONE    EXHIBIT. 

The  large  glass  case  near  the  western  entrance  is  devoted  to 
a  display  of  Maryland  pottery  and  decorative  stones.  The  former 
is  the  product  of  two  Baltimore  potteries  which  rank  among  the 
best  in  the  United  States.  The  older  of  these  is  the  Edwin  Ben- 
nett Pottery  Company,  represented  by  the  wares  on  the  right 
hand  side  of  the  case  on  entering  the  hall.  Among  the  pieces 
shown  are  high-grade  dinner,  tea,  and  toilet  ware  in  American 
porcelain,  jardinieres  with  colored  glazes  and  many  other  forms, 
some  with  ornamentation  in  relief.  This  company  built  the  first 
high-grade  pottery  plant  south  of  the  Mason  and  Dixon  line. 
The  younger  pottery  is  that  of  D.  F.  Haynes  &  Son,  known  as  the 


36  GUIDE  TO  STATE  MINERAL  EXHIBIT 

Chesapeake  Pottery.  This  firm  has  made  many  noted  wares  such 
as  the  "  Clifton,"  "  Avalon,"  "  Calverton,"  and  "  Arundel." 
Their  work  is  represented  by  parlor  and  banquet  lamps,  clocks, 
and  large  decorative  vases,  characterized  by  originality  of  design, 
grace  of  form,  and  delicacy  of  execution.  Both  firms  have 
received  awards  of  distinction  at  all  the  expositions. 

The  south  end  of  the  case  contains  polished  slabs  of  Maryland 
decorative  stones,  among  which  may  be  noted  the  beautiful  slabs 
from  the  recently  developed  quarries  at  Eakles  Mills,  in  Wash- 
ington County,  and  the  "  verde  antique,"  or  serpentine,  from 
Harford  County. 

OTHER    MATERIALS. 

The  table  in  the  centre  of  the  south  wall  and  the  two  tables 
adjacent  to  it  contain  displays  of  miscellaneous  products  including 
limestones,  shales,  feldspar,  flint,  dry  paints  and  mortar  coloring, 
barytes,  diatomaceous  earth,  agricultural  soils  and  marls. 

The  lime  and  cement  industries  of  the  State  are  represented 
by  limestones  and  shales  of  various  kinds  from  several  areas. 
The  various  changes  in  the  process  of  the  manufacture  of  Port- 
land cement  are  shown  by  specimens  of  limestone  and  shale,  the 
clinker  formed  by  burning  these  together,  and  the  finished  Port- 
land cement  obtained  by  grinding  the  clinker.  This  important  new 
industry  is  represented  by  extensive  exhibits  of  the  Tidewater 
Portland  Cement  Co.,  and  the  Security  Cement  and  Lime  Co. 
Specimens  of  the  raw  materials  used  for  a  flux  in  smelting  or  for 
agricultural  and  building  lime  may  be  seen  beneath  the  table. 

The  feldspar,  which  is  exhibited  in  large  blocks,  smaller 
samples,  and  pulverized  to  different  grades  of  fineness,  represents 
a  small  but  interesting  Maryland  industry  which  is  growing. 
The  original  mineral  occurs  in  coarse-grained  masses  throughout 
the  eastern  part  of  the  Piedmont  Plateau,  but  is  mined  most 
extensively  in  Cecil  County  and  along  the  valley  of  the  Patapsco 
between  Sykesville  and  Ellicott  City.  Two  kinds  of  "  spar  "  are 
distinguished,  the  potash  and  soda,  and  the  product  to  be  market- 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  37 

able  must  be  free  from  iron  and  other  coloring  impurities  and 
relatively  free  from  quartz.  To  get  the  material  in  this  condition 
usually  requires  hand  picking,  although  methods  have  been 
devised  in  Maryland  for  cleaning  the  product  by  machinery. 
Specimens  from  Henryton  show  what  can  be  done  in  this  way. 
The  crude  mineral  is  usually  shipped  to  Trenton,  New  Jersey, 
or  to  Ohio,  where  it  is  ground  and  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
porcelain. 

The  flint,  or  quartz,  has  been  successfully  quarried  in  Cecil, 
Harford,  and  Baltimore  counties.  It  is  found  in  large  vein-like 
masses  of  more  than  usual  purity,  which  are  represented  in 
boulders  along  the  south  wall.  It  also  occurs  along  the  contact 
between  granites  and  gneiss  where  original  impurities  have  been 
removed  and  the  rocks  reduced  to  a  white  pulverulent  quartz. 
The  flint  is  reduced  to  a  powder  by  grinding  and  this  flint  flour  is 
shipped  in  bags  to  different  points  within  and  without  the  State. 
Different  stages  in  the  fineness  of  grinding  are  represented  in  the 
exhibit. 

The  barytes,  which  is  found  in  the  limestone,  sometimes  asso- 
ciated with  the  copper,  is  one  of  the  heaviest  of  harmless  white 
substances.  It  is  sometimes  ground  and  used  as  an  adulterant 
of  powdered  sugar  or  white  lead  paint.  It  is  not  worked  in  the 
State  at  present. 

The  diatomaceous  earth,  tripoli,  or  silica,  shown  in  large  blocks 
and  bottles  at  the  end  of  the  table  consists  almost  exclusively  of 
numberless  skeletons  of  microscopic  plant-forms  known  as  dia- 
toms. The  largest  of  these  are  scarcely  one-hundredth  of  an  inch 
in  diameter  and  most  of  them  average  less  than  one-fifth  as  large. 
In  Anne  Arundel,  Calvert,  and  Charles  counties  there  are  beds 
which  are  30  to  40  feet  thick  made  up  of  these  minute  forms. 
The  material  is  used  in  silver  polishes,  toothpowders,  and  soaps, 
where  a  delicate  abrasive  is  desired,  and  it  has  also  been  used 
for  coverings  for  steam-pipes  and  for  dynamite  cartridges.  An 
assortment  of  dry  paints  and  mortar  coloring  is  represented  in  the 
exhibit  on  the  same  table. 

The   agricultural  soils   are  selected   to  illustrate   several   types 


38 


GUIDE  TO  STATE  MINERAL  EXHIBIT 


from  different  parts  of  the  State.  Each  type  as  it  occurs  is  repre- 
sented in  the  larger  bottles,  while  the  smaller  bottles  show  the 
relative  amounts  of  silt,  fine  sand,  gravel,  etc.,  which  constitute 
the  given  soil.  The  finer  soils  are  better  suited  to  slow-growing 


GENERAL   VIEW  OF   EXHIBIT  MADE   BY  THE  SURVEY  AT  THE  LOUISIANA  PURCHASE 
EXPOSITION,  ST.  Louis,  1904. 


crops  such  as  corn,  wheat,  and  grass,  the  coarser  and  more  open 
soils  to  short-term  crops  such  as  vegetables,  fruits  and  berries. 
If  the  soils  are  too  fine  they  pack  to  a  hard  clay;  if  too  coarse 
they  are  hard  to  work  and  do  not  retain  sufficient  moisture  for 
the  crops. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  39 

The  marls,  represented  by  several  typical  samples,  were  for- 
merly used  extensively  for  enriching  the  soils,  but  in  recent  years 
they  have  been  displaced  by  artificial  fertilizers,  which,  while 
more  expensive,  yield  a  quicker  return  for  the  investment. 

COLLECTION  OF  SYSTEMATIC  GEOLOGY. 

The  wall  between  the  two  entrances  is  devoted  to  four  plate- 
glass  cases  containing  a  systematic  collection  of  specimens  of 
rocks,  minerals,  and  fossils  illustrating  the  different  geological 
formations  of  the  State,  while  below  these  are  larger  specimens 
of  especial  interest.  Each  of  the  four  cases  is  devoted  to  one  of 
the  four  major  divisions  of  the  geological  history  of  the  State. 

On  the  left  are  the  oldest  rocks,  representing  what  the  geol- 
ogists call  the  Archean.  This  period  of  the  earth's  history  rep- 
resents the  time  when  the  crust  was  being  formed  and  the  sur- 
face prepared  for  organic  life.  It  covers  a  great  interval  of  time, 
probably  millions  of  years,  and  its  chief  representatives  to-day 
are  crystalline  rocks  of  igneous  origin  such  as  the  granites,  gab- 
bros,  and  serpentines,  the  ancient  volcanic  rocks  of  the  Blue 
Ridge  and  the  equally  crystalline  gneisses  of  Baltimore  and 
vicinity. 

The  second  case  represents  the  Paleozoic  era,  or  the  time  from 
the  first  extensive  development  of  life,  to  the  close  of  the  Coal 
Measures.  The  fossils  and  rocks  of  this  era  are  diversified  and 
the  specimens  contained  in  the  case  are  especially  representative 
of  the  rocks  and  fossils  found  in  Western  Maryland. 

The  third  case  is  devoted  to  the  Mesozoic  era,  or  the  time  after 
the  formation  of  our  coal  beds,  to  the  advent  of  considerable 
numbers  of  animal  and  plant  forms  closely  related  to  those  living 
to-day.  The  specimens  in  this  case  are  especially  representative 
of  the  red  sandstones  of  Montgomery,  Frederick,  and  Carroll 
counties,  and  the  clay  formations  of  northern  Prince  George's 
and  Anne  Arundel  counties,  and  southern  Baltimore,  Harford, 
and  Cecil  counties. 

The  fourth  case  contains  rocks  and  fossils  of  the  Cenozoir,  or 


40 


GUIDE  TO  STATE  MINERAL  EXHIBIT 


latest  era,  in  which  the  animals  and  plants  are  progressively 
more  and  more  like  those  living  to-day,  many  of  the  fossil  forms 
found  in  Maryland  being  ancestral  types  of  the  plants  and 
animals  now  living  in  the  State.  The  specimens  in  this  case  are 
especially  representative  of  the  counties  of  Southern  Maryland 


VIEW  OF  EXHIBIT  LOOKING  SOUTH  AT  ST.  Louis,  1904. 

and  the  Eastern  Shore,  which  are  so  largely  composed  of  uncon- 
solidated  sands,  clays,  and  marls. 

Beneath  the  cases  a  similar  but  less  exact  classification  by  age 
is  followed.  The  tracks  of  animals  and  seaweed-like  markings 
represent  some  of  the  oldest  evidences  of  life  found  in  the  State ; 
then  the  bones  of  huge  reptiles  which  lived  along  the  Maryland 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  41 

bays.  Farther  to  the  right  are  the  skulls  and  bones  of  whales, 
and  the  trunks  of  cypress  trees  which  lived  in  Maryland  long 
before  the  advent  of  man. 

MASON   AND  DIXON  LINE   MONUMENTS. 

On  either  side  of  the  ore  exhibit  near  the  entrances  to  the  hall 
are  stone  monuments  which  were  brought  from  the  Isle  of  Port- 
land, England,  about  1765  for  the  marking  of  the  boundaries  of 
the  State.  For  over  seventy-five  years  the  proprietors  of  Mary- 
land, Pennsylvania,  and  Delaware  had  carried  on  a  controversy 
regarding  the  boundaries  between  their  possessions.  The  English 
courts  had  decided  what  the  lines  should  be  and  local  surveyors 
had  attempted  to  lay  these  out  on  the  ground  without  complete 
success.  In  1763  the  proprietors  agreed  to  send  over  the  noted 
surveyors  Charles  Mason  and  Jeremiah  Dixon  to  complete  the 
work.  They  arrived  in  Philadelphia  in  the  fall  of  that  year  and 
were  busy  for  four  years  in  running  and  marking  the  various 
boundaries.  They  placed  monuments  like  those  in  the  collection 
along  the  entire  Delaware-Maryland  boundary  and  along  the 
Maryland-Pennsylvania  boundary  as  far  west  as  Sideling  Hill 
in  Allegany  County.  Every  fifth  mile  was  marked  with  a 
"  crown  stone "  bearing  the  arms  of  Lord  Baltimore  on  the 
Maryland  side  and  the  .arms  of  the  Penns  on  the  opposite  side. 
The  intermediate  miles  were  marked  by  "  milestones  "  on  which 
were  engraved  the  letters  M  pointing  towards  Maryland  and  P 
pointing  towards  Pennsylvania  and  Delaware.  The  northern 
line  became  famous  in  after  years  as  the  division  line  between 
the  North  and  the  South. 

HIGHWAY  EXHIBIT. 

The  highway  exhibits  of  the  Maryland  Geological  Survey 
comprise  the  materials  on  the  table  on  the  west  side  of  the  room, 
the  revolving  frame  showing  views  of  Maryland  roads  before 
and  after  improvement,  and  the  model  sections  of  different  types 
of  roads  on  the  west  wall  of  the  hall. 


42  GUIDE  TO  STATE  MINERAL  EXHIBIT 

The  exhibits  on  the  table  represent  by  photographs  and  speci- 
mens the  methods  of  making  tests  on  road  metals,  paving  bricks, 
cements,  etc.  The  different  road  metals  are  tested  as  to  their 
wearing  power  by  subjecting  the  fragments  to  rubbing  against 
each  other  in  a  "  rattler  "  for  a  given  length  of  time.  The  softer 
the  rock  the  more  the  fragments  are  rounded  and  the  more  dust 
is  formed.  This  dust  is  then  tested  for  its  cementing  power 
to  see  whether  the  worn  material  on  a  road  will  harden  after  the 
rain  or  remain  as  a  dust  to  be  blown  about  by  the  wind.  Paving 
bricks  are  tested  in  the  same  way  to  see  how  they  will  withstand 
the  wear  of  horses'  feet.  Their  strength  is  also  tested  to  see  how 
much  of  a  load  they  will  support  without  breaking.  Cements 
are  likewise  tested  to  determine  their  relative  strength  and 
bonding  power. 

Specimens  of  different  kinds  of  rock,  brick,  and  cement  are 
shown  before  and  after  the  tests  have  been  applied.  The  results 
of  this  work  have  been  of  the  greatest  service  to  all  sections  of 
the  State  in  informing  the  authorities  how  to  select  the  best 
materials  for  the  different  works  of  construction. 

The  views  of  Maryland  roads  give  an  excellent  idea  of  the 
changes  produced  by  modern  construction.  Many  different  types 
are  shown  in  the  revolving  frame.  ' 

On  the  wall  to  the  right  of  the  entrance  are  six  cases,  each 
about  20  feet  long,  with  glass  fronts  and  tops.  Five  of  these 
cases  contain  full-sized  cross-sections  of  different  kinds  of  roads 
built  according  to  the  best  modern  practice  by  the  Maryland 
Geological  Survey.  The  sixth  case  shows  a  cross-section  of  a 
road  built  under  the  old-fashioned  method  of  simply  spreading 
a  large  quantity  of  roughly-broken  stone  on  an  unprepared  road- 
bed and  then  covering  the  same  with  sufficient  dirt  to  induce  and 
aid  the  travel  to  pack  down  this  loose  stone.  The  large  amount 
of  stone  required,  the  unsatisfactory  result  and  the  imperfections 
of  th-is  method,  as  well  as  the  reasons  for  the  higher  cost  of 
maintenance  of  roads  built  in  this  manner,  are  easily  seen  by 
comparison  with  the  sections  in  the  other  cases. 

The  top  case  to  the  left  shows  a  properly  constructed  road  of 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


43 


GENERAL  VIEW  OF  EXHIBIT  MADE  BY  THE  SURVEY  AT  THE 
JAMESTOWN  EXPOSITION,  1907. 


44  GUIDE  TO  STATE  MINERAL  EXHIBIT 

gravel.  The  case  underneath  this  shows  how  gravel  or  oyster 
shells  may  be  used  as  a  first  course  in  those  localities  where  stone 
is  more  expensive,  and  yet  the  amount  of  travel  is  sufficient  to 
require  a  stone  surface  in  order  to  save  in  annual  maintenance. 
The  bottom  section  to  the  left  shows  a  road  built  of  stone  with 
an  under-drain.  The  thickness  of  the  stone  in  this  section  is 
8  inches  instead  of  the  usual  6  inches,  and,  with  the  under-drain, 
shows  about  the  extreme  amount  of  stone  used  even  on  very  soft 
and  wet  sub-grades.  Under  modern  methods,  were  the  sub-grade 
too  poor  to  permit  of  permanent  results  from  this  form  of  con- 
struction, unless  stone  was  unusually  abundant  and  cheap,  some 
other  expedient  would  be  used  to  improve  the  sub-grade  rather 
than  the  use  of  more  crushed  stone. 

The  top  section  at  the  right  shows  a  properly  constructed  shell 
road,  built  with  the  aid  of  a  roller.  The  life  of  such  a  road 
should  be  considerably  longer  than  that  of  a  road  made  by  simply 
dumping  the  shells  on  a  flat  surface  and  allowing  the  travel  to 
consolidate  them.  In  the  latter  instance  the  shells  would  taper 
out  so  thin  at  the  sides  as  to  be  likely  to  cut  through  should  a 
heavy  load  come  on  them  at  an  inopportune  time;  and  once  the 
edges  begin  to  break  away  the  road  rapidly  goes  to  pieces.  With 
a  shell  road  built  as  shown  in  the  case  the  sides  are  fully  as 
capable  of  supporting  a  load  as  the  center.  Then,  too,  the  shells 
under  the  roller  assume  generally  a  position  with  the  flat  sides 
and  not  the  edges  of  the  shells  opposed  to  the  travel;  also  the 
shells  underneath  the  top  inch  or  so  are  not  as  much  broken  up 
as  they  would  be  in  being  packed  down  under  the  traffic,  with 
the  result  that  the  road  becomes  firmer  and  less  subject  to  wear. 

The  middle  section  on  the  right  shows  the  ordinary  6-inch 
macadam  road  as  built  under  modern  methods.  The  width  of 
the  "  metal,"  which  under  the  law  may  be  stone,  gravel,  oyster 
shells,  marl,  or  any  "  good  material,"  is  shown  as  12  feet  in 
all  the  sections,  which  is  the  standard  adopted  by  the  State, 
although  this  standard  is  departed  from  where  allowable,  if  so 
requested  by  the  county,  the  shell  roads  being  often  reduced 
to  9  feet  and  the  stone  roads  occasionally  built  as  wide  as  14 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  45 

feet.  The  observer  will  notice  how,  under  the  action  of  the 
roller,  the  various  particles  of  stone  and  gravel  become  wedged 
together  and  how  much  fewer  unfilled  chinks  there  are  in  the 
metalled  portion  of  the  road,  and  consequently  how  much  less 
dirt  there  is  in  the  metal  to  absorb  moisture  to  the  detriment 
of  the  metal  surface  in  wet  or  freezing  weather.  Everyone  knows 
that,  in  dry  weather,  a  clay  road  may  become  hard,  and  as  long 
as  it  is  absolutely  dry  it  will  be  almost  impossible  for  any  load 
to  make  an  impression  on  it.  The  minute,  however,  it  begins  to 
absorb  moisture  it  becomes  soft  and  cuts  up.  Consequently,  if 
the  sub-grade  under  the  stone  or  gravel  or  shells  can  be  kept 
dry,  the  sub-grade  should  support  without  difficulty  the  stone 
layer  and  the  load  on  top  of  it;  and  the  "metal"  itself,  from 
its  nature,  will  of  course  stand  the  effects  of  travel  and  wear 
better  than  even  a  dry  sub-grade. 

The  sub-grade  needs  to  be  protected  from  water  in  two  ways: 
first,  from  the  water  that  falls  on  the  surface,  and  second,  from  the 
water  that  tends  to  soak  into  it  from  the  adjacent  ground.  In 
the  lower  left  hand  case  it  is  seen  how  the  water  is  drained 
out  of  the  sub-grade  by  making  the  surface  practically  water-tight, 
and  it  will  be  readily  seen  by  examining  the  several  cases  how 
much  more  nearly  water-tight  the  stone  surface  built  under 
modern  methods  is  than  the  stone  surface  built  under  the  old 
methods.  All  the  little  openings  between  the  pieces  of  stone  in  the' 
metalled  portion  become  filled  with  stone  chips  and  stone  dust, 
and  the  surface  does  become  actually  water-proof,  when  built 
under  modern  methods.  Under  the  old  methods,  however,  so 
much  dirt  accumulates  between  the  loosely-packed  pieces  of 
stone  that  the  water  readily  finds  its  way  down  into  the  sub- 
grade,  and  the  road  ruts  and  cuts  through  and,  as  mentioned 
above,  frost  helps  this  process  by  expanding  the  mud  between 
the  pieces  of  stone  when  it  solidifies,  and  driving  still  farther 
apart  the  stones  themselves. 

A  still  futher  advantage  of  the  modern  methods  will  be  noted 
in  the  position  that  the  particles  of  stone  themselves  assume 
under  the  roller.  Under  the  old  methods,  the  stone  lay  loosely 


46  GUIDE  TO  STATE  MINERAL  EXHIBIT 

packed  in  every  position,  often  with  points  uppermost.  Under  the 
roller  the  stones  naturally  assume  a  position  with  flat  sides  upper- 
most, and  it  can  be  readily  understood  how  much  slower  a  stone 
will  wear  down  if  a  flat  side  instead  of  an  edge  is  subjected 
to  wear. 

The  shape  of  the  sections  is  an  important  consideration.  The 
road  built  by  the  old  method,  from  the  form  of  its  surface,  collects 
the  travel  into  ruts  which  tend  to  hold  water  to  the  detriment  of 
the  road,  and  unless  the  stone  portion  is  made  very  wide,  and 
consequently  a  large  amount  of  stone  is  used,  it  frequently 
becomes  quite  difficult  for  teams  to  pass  without  turning  sharply 
down  over  the  edge  of  the  stone  onto  the  earth  side-road.  When 
properly  built,  as  shown  in  the  cases,  it  will  be  noted  how 
readily  the  water  is  shed  to  the  ditches,  there  to  be  carried  off  'to 
the  natural  water  courses  away  from  the  road,  and  how  very 
easy  it  is  for  one  team  to  pass  another  without  the  necessity  of 
both  teams,  or  even  more  than  one  set  of  wheels  of  one  of  the 
teams,  leaving  the  metalled  portion.  The  earth  shoulders  on  the 
side  of  the  metal  are  even  with  it  and  are,  in  the  process  of  con- 
struction, thoroughly  rolled.  In  but  a  short  time  they  become 
so  hardened  from  the  stone  dust  that  is  washed  down  on  them 
and  from  the  growth  of  grass,  weeds,  etc.,  that  they  will  support 
an  ordinary  load  without  any  trouble,  and  the  effective  width  of 
the  travelled  way  is  at  least  18  feet,  although  only  12  feet  of 
stone  or  gravel  have  been  used. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 

FORMATION.  THICKNESS. 


47 


§  .2    I  Quaternary 
§  S    |       Tertiary 


|.S  J  Cretaceous 
i  g    )        Triassic 


Permian 


Carbonif- 
erous 


Devonian 


Silurian 


Algonkian 


75  Feet 
800       " 


1300       " 
1500+  " 


390 


2G95 


2975 


5585 


11935 


5000+ 


GENERALIZED  SECTION  OF  MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  FORMATIONS. 


48 


GUIDE  TO  STATE  MINERAL  EXHIBIT 


TABLE    OF    MARYLAND    GEOLOGICAL    FORMATIONS. 

CENOZOIC. 
Quaternary. 
Recent. 
Pleistocene     .......  Talbot 

Low-lying-    terrace    com- 
posed  of  gravel,    sand  and 
clay;  25  ft. 
Wicomico 

Medium      level      terrace, 
carrying  boulders  and  grav- 
el,  sand  and  clay;  25  ft. 
Sunderland 

High-lying  terrace  com-  | 
posed  of  loam,  sand  and  I 
gravel;  25  ft.  J 


n  i         •    r, 

=  Columbia  Group. 


Tertiary. 
Pliocene  (?)    


Miocene 


.Lafayette 

Gravel  and  sand  occur- 
ring at  higher  elevations; 
30  ft. 

•  St.  Mary's 

Clays,    sandy    clays    and 
marls;   150  ft. 
Choptank 

Clays,  sandy  clays,  sands  ^Chesapeake  Group, 
and  marls;   125  ft. 
Calvert 

Clays,  sandy  clays,  marls 
and  diatomaceous  earth ; 
200  ft. 


Eocene 


.Xanjemoy 
Greensands, 

sands;    125  ft. 

Aquia 
Greensands, 

marls;  175  ft. 


clays      and 


sands     and 


:Pamunkey  Group. 


MESOZOIC. 
Cretaceous. 
Upper  Cretaceous. 


,  Rancocas 

Greensands,      sands     and 
marls. 
Monmouth 

Greensand    and   sand,    lo- 
cally indurated;  75  ft; 
Matawan 

Greenish-black,  sandy 
clay,  containing  green  con- 
cretions and  lignite;  100  ft. 
Magothy 

Sands  with  dark  carbona- 
ceous clays;  50  ft. 
Raritan 

Interbedded  sands  and 
clays;  400  ft. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


49 


Lower  Cretaceous.  .Patapsco 

Variegated  clays;  200  ft. 

Arundel  > 

Interbedded     clays     with 

iron  ores;  125  ft. 

Patuxent 
Interbedded      sands     and 

clays;  350  ft. 


>  =  Potomac  Group. 


Triassic    Newark 

Red  and  gray  sandstones 
and  shales  with  diabase. 


PALEOZOIC. 
Permian    . . 


Carboniferous. 
Pennsylvanian 


Mississippian   


.Dunkard 

Thin     shales     and     lime- 
stones with  coal;  390  ft. 


.  Monongahela 

Black  shales,  sandstones, 
and  14  ft.  coal  seam ;  240  ft. 
Conemaugh 

Sandstones      and     shales 
with  coal  and  fireclay;  6CO- 
700  ft. 
Allegheny 

Sandy    and    carbonaceous 
shales  and  sandstones  with 
coal  seams;  260-350  ft. 
Pottsville 

Massive  conglomerates  and 
sandstones  with  fireclay  and 
coal;  330-380  ft.  j 

.Mauch  Chunk 

Red     shales     and     sandy 
shales  and  thin  sandstones; 
650  ft. 
Greenbrier 

Gray  and  brown  siliceous 
limestones;  400  ft. 
Pocono 

Massive  gray  coarse  sand- 
stone; 250  ft. 


-=Coal  Measures. 


Devonian. 
Upper  Devonian  ...Catskill   (Hampshire). 

Alternating  red  shales  and 
sandstones;  1900-2000  ft. 

Jennings 

(Genesee-P  o  r  t  a  g  e-Oh  e- 
mung) 

Vari-colored     shales     and 
sandstone;  3800-4000  ft. 


50  GUIDE  TO  STATE  MINERAL  EXHIBIT 

Middle  Devonian  ..Romney 

(Onondaga-Marcellus-Ham- 
ilton.) 

Dark     gray     shales     and 
sandstones;  1600  ft. 


Lower  Devonian   ..Oriskany 

Cherty  calcareous  sand- 
stones; 325-350  ft. 

Helderberg 

(Keyser-C  o  e  y  m  a  n  s-New 
Scotland-Becraft.) 

Dark  blue  and  gray  lime- 
stones; 350  ft. 


Silurian   Tonolpway 

Argillaceous  limestone 
with  some  interbedded  cal- 
careous shale.  The  lime- 
stone weathers  into  hard 
platy  fragments  which  ul- 
timately form  a  red  soil; 
600  ft. 

Wills  Creek 

Calcareous  shale  with 
some  interbedded  argilla- 
ceous limestone,  weathering 
into  soil  containing  few 
rock  fragments.  Four  ce- 
ment beds  are  present.  The 
Round  Top  member  at  the 
base  of  this  formation  con- 
sists of  red  shale  and  sand- 
stone. Several  beds  of 
sandstone  also  occur  in  the 
upper  part  of  the  forma- 
tion; 550  ft. 

McKenzie 

Drab  shale  alternating 
with  thin  beds  of  lime- 
stone; 275  ft. 

Clinton 

Vari-colored  shales  and 
sandstones  with  iron  ore- 
bands;  550-600  ft. 

Tuscarora 

Massive  white  quartzitic 
sandstone;  250-300  ft. 

Juniata 

Alternating  thin-bedded 
red  shales  and  sandstones; 
650  ft.  exposed. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


51 


Ordovician 


.Martinsburg 

Dark    slaty    shales; 
1000  ft. 


700- 


Peachbottom  slate 

High   grade  blue-black 
roofing  slate. 
Cardiff  quartzite 

Finely  conglomeritic 
quartzite. 

Wissahickon  phyllite  and 
schist 

Sericite  and  chlorite 
schists  with  numerous 
quartz  eyes. 

Mica  schists  and  gneiss 
usually  much  crinkled 
and  carrying  garnets, 
cyanite  and  staurolite. 


Cambrian 


Chambersburg 

Thin-bedded,  dark,  fos- 
siliferous  limestone  with  ir- 
regular clayey  partings ; 
100-750  ft. 

Stones  River 

Thin-bedded,  pure,  even- 
grained  limestone  with  thin 
chert  stratum  near  the 
middle;  675-1050  ft. 

Beekmantown 

Thick-bedded  limestone 
with  interbedded  magne- 
sian  beds  and  layers  of 
oolite,  conglomerate,  and 
cherts  at  several  horizons; 
2785  ft. 

•  Conococheague 

Thin-bedded,  blue,  band- 
ed limestone  with  siliceous 
laminae,  conglomeratic  at 
base;  1635  ft. 

Elbrook 

Gray  to  pale-blue  shaly 
limestone  and  calcareous 
shales  with  thick-bedded, 
siliceous  limestone  in  the 
lower  and  middle  part ;  3000 
ft. 

Waynesboro 

Gray  calcareous  sand- 
stones  and  purpLe  shales; 
1000  ft. 

Tomstown 

Massive  and  thin-bedded 
limestone,  in  part  cherry 
and  magnesian,  with  shale 
and  white  clay  at  the  base; 
1000  ft. 


Cockeysville  marble 

Fine  and  coarse-bedded 
"crystalline  marble  fre- 
quently dolomitic. 


52 


GUIDE  TO  STATE  MINERAL  EXHIBIT 


Antietam 

Dull     brown     sandstones 
grading    into    shales;    500- 
800  ft. 
Harpers 

Gray,    sandy  shales  with 
sandstone  layers;  2750  ft. 
Weverton 

White  sandstone  quartzite 
and  conglomerate;  1250  ft. 
Loudon 

Dark  slate  with  lime- 
stones, shales ;  sandstones 
and  conglomerates;  100-500 
ft. 


ARCHEAN. 

Algonkian 


.Acid  and  Basic  Volcanics 

Fine  grained  compact 
rocks  usually  much  altered 
by  development  of  sericite 
and  epidote. 


Setters  quartzite  and 

mica-schist 

Micaceous  quartz  schist 
or  vitreous  quartzite  usu- 
ally carrying  black  tour- 
malines. 


Baltimore  gneiss,  etc. 

Highly  crystalline  gneiss 
of  alternating  h  o  r  n  - 
^blendic,  micaceous  and 
"quartzose  types,  often  in- 
truded with  pegmatites, 
granites,  gabbros  and 
serpentines. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  53 

LIST  OF  OPEEATOES. 

COAL. 
ALLEGANY  COUNTY. 

OPERATOR.  OFFICE.  MINE. 

Consolidation    Coal    Co ...Baltimore  Consolidation    Nos. 

1  to  11. 

Union  Mining  Co "  Union. 

New  York  Mining  Co Mt.    Savage    Union  Nos.  1  and  2. 

Barton  and  Georges  Creek  Valley 

Coal    Co Baltimore   Carlos. 

Potomac  Coal  Co "  Potomac. 

Georges  Creek  Coal  Co.,  Inc "  Nos.    1,   12,   13,   14, 

16,    17. 

•  American  Coal  Co Lonaconing    Caledonia    and     ' 

Jackson. 

Maryland  Coal  Co New  York    Appleton,     Kings- 
land,     New    Det- 
mold  and  Patton. 

New  Central  Coal  Co "  Koontz  &  Big  Vein. 

Piedmont  and  Georges  Creek  Coal 

Co Frostburg   Washington  Nos.    1 

to  5. 

Piedmont  Mining  Co Baltimore  Pekin. 

Midland  Mining  Co Cumberland  New  Enterprise  and 

Trimble. 

Bowery  Coal  Co Frostburg   Bowery. 

H.  &  W.  A.  Kitchens  Coal  Co "  Borden. 

Phoenix  and  Georges  Creek  Min- 
ing Co Phila.,  Pa Phoenix    and    Elk- 
hart. 

Brailer    Mining    Co Mt.    Savage    Bald  Knob. 

Moscow- Georges  Creek  Mining  Co.  .Cumberland  Moscow  Nos.  1  and 

2. 

Frostburg  Fuel  Co Frostburg   Tyson  No.  2. 

Chapman  Coal  Mining  Co Baltimore  Swanton. 

Cumberland-Georges    Creek    Coal 
Co Phila.,    Pa Penn. 

Frostburg  Coal  Mining  Co Morrison. 

Maryland  Coal  &  Iron  Co Frostburg   Trotters  Run. 

Davis  Coal  &  Coke  Co Baltimore   Buxton. 

Wachovia  Coal  Co Cumberland  Waco. 

Cumberland  Basin  Coal  Co Phila.,  Pa Parker,    Bond    and 

Cook. 

Rawlings   &  McCulloch Frostburg   Bloen  Avon. 

Chabot    Coal    Co Eckhart  Mines   Chabot. 

Michael  Barnard   "  Parkersburg. 

The  Franklin  Coal  Co Westernport    Franklin  No.  .  1. 

GARRETT  COUNTY 

George  C.   Pattison Bloomington   Pattison. 

Bloomington   Coal    Co "  Bloomington. 

Monroe  Coal  Mining  Co Bethlehem,  Pa Elk  Run  Nos.  1  and 

2. 


54  GUIDE  TO  STATE  MINERAL  EXHIBIT 

Three  Forks  Coal  Mining  Co Elaine,  W.  Va Jasper. 

Hamill  Coal  &  Coke  Co "  Haniill  No.  1. 

Potomac  Valley  Coal  Co "  Dante. 

Elaine   Mining   Co New  York   ...Elaine. 

Garrett   County   Coal   &   Mining 

Oo Bethlehem,  Pa Dodson   Nos.    1, 

and  4. 

Upper  Potomac  Coal  Co Phila. ,   Pa Upper  Potomac. 

Brainard  Coal  Co "  Nos.   1,  2  and  3. 

Glade  Run  Coal  Co "  Beechwood. 

Cutchell  and  Gates Bayard,   W.   Va Bayard. 

Western  Maryland  Coal  &  Coke  Co.Friendsville  Nos.    1,  2,  and    3. 

LIME  AND  CEMENT. 

OPERATOR.  OFFICE.  QUARRY. 

Wm.    H.    Everhart Westminster    Bachmans  Mills. 

O.  J.  Keller  Lime  Oo Buckeystown     Buckeystown. 

Geo.  M.   Bushey  &  Son Cavetown     Cavetown. 

A.    M.    Isanogle Thurmont  Catoctin. 

James  F.  McKee Clear  Springs  Clear  Springs. 

Miss  M.  Bissell  Price Cockeysville    Cockeysville. 

Denton   S.    Warehime Westminster    Cranberry. 

Henry  J.   Kneriem "  Cresaptown. 

*  Cumberland   and   Potomac    Ce- 
ment   Co.     . ; Cumberland  Pinto. 

*  Cumberland  Hydraulic  Cement 

&  Mfg.  Co "  Cumberland. 

Joseph   Dressman    Long     " 

C.  A.   L.    Miller Cumberland  

John  D.   Crum Walkersville    Daysville. 

T.    Turnbaugh    Boring   Dover. 

George  W.   Hose Clear  Spring  Dry  Run. 

J.   J.   Brown , Smithsburg    Edgemont. 

Fountain  Rock  Lime  Co.   (J.  W. 

Stimmel)     Woodsboro   Walkersville. 

M.  J.  Grove  Lime  Co. Limekiln     Frederick  and 

Limekiln. 

R.    Rush  Lewis ...Frederick    Frederick. 

Tabler  Lime  &  Stone  Co "  " 

Gilmer  Schley   "  " 

D.  C.  Kemp  Lime  Co "  " 

Charles  A.   Councilman Glyndon    Glyndon. 

Edward  A.  Cockey  &  Son Owings  Mills    Gwynnbrook. 

*  Security  Cement  &  Lime  Co Hagerstown   Security. 

W.   M.  Widmyer Hancock    Hancock. 

Daniel  Sunday  Hansonville.  Hansonville. 

George  W.    Yost Clear  Spring  Clear  Spring. 

T.    Guy    Nichols Brookville    Highland. 

LeGore   Lime    Co LeGore    LeGore. 

M,  Frank  McAleer Walkersville    McAleers. 

G.   T.   Baker Marriottsville    Mamottsville. 

Daniel  F.    Roddy Mt.  St.  Mary's Motters. 

George  H.  Strine  &  Son Mt.    Pleasant    Mt.  Pleasant. 

D.    K.    Cramer "  " 

Mordecai  C.   Jones "  New  London. 

Louis  C.   Zile New  Windsor  New  Windsor. 

Henry    Mosser Oakland    Oakland. 

J.  L.   Federline Olney   Olney. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  55 

Potomac  Valley  Stone  &  Lime  Co.  .Hagerstown   Pinesburg. 

D.  D.  Keedy Keedysville    Rohrersville. 

J.   Hubert  Wade Boonsboro    Sharpsburg. 

John  T.   Dutterer Silver  Run  : Silver  Run. 

Wm.    A.    Leppo "  " 

Rohrer  Bros Smithsburg    Smithsburg. 

Wm.  C.  Dittman Texas    Texas. 

Wm.  P.  Lindsay "    

Effie  D.  &  J.  H.  Cfeeger,  Admin.  .Thurmont  Thurmont. 

Joseph  F.  Moser "  " 

F.    A.    Roddy "  " 

David    G.    Zentz "  " 

*  Tidewater  Portland  Cement  Co.. Union  Bridge Union  Bridge 

Wm.   H.   Hyde 

David  Cramer    Walkersville    Walkersville. 

David   A.    Devilbiss 


Fountain  Rock  Lime  Co 


Woodsboro   

Westminster    .,  ...Westminster. 


Goodwin  Lime  Co 

Wm.  R.   Yingling 

David  Robertson  

B.  F.  Shriver  &  Co 

Wm.    A.    Roop 

Mrs.   Catherine  Wagner 

Wakefield  Mill  &  Lime  Co...' 

Milton   M.    Morelpck , 

Wm.  B.  Thomas  &  Son 

Charles   F.    Trescher Cumberland  Winchester   Bridge. 

S.  W.  Barrick  &  Son Woodsboro    Woodsboro. 

Jacob  Eichelberger    "  " 

*  Cement  Operators. 

CLAY  AND  CLAY  PRODUCTS. 

BRICK  AND  TILE. 

OPERATOR.  OFFICE.  \VORKS. 

Baltimore  Brick   Co Baltimore   Baltimore  City  and 

County. 

Baltimore  Retort  &  Fire  Brick  Co. .         "  Baltimore. 

Westport  Paving  Brick  Co "  Westport. 

Columbia  Stove  Brick  Works "  Baltimore. 

Baltimore  Terra  Gotta  Works. "  " 

Berlin  Brick  Co Berlin    Berlin. 

C.  T.    Neepier Catonsville Catonsville. 

South  Baltimore  Harbor  and  Im- 
provement Company  Baltimore  Brooklyn. 

C.  F.  Thomas  &  Son  Brick  Co Buckeystown  Buckeystown. 

Cambridge   Brick    Co Cambridge   Cambridge. 

Barnett   &   Robinson "  " 

H.  S.  &  V.  M.  Barnett Chestertown    Chestertown. 

George  M.   Collins Crisfleld    Crisfield. 

Queen  City  Brick  &  Tile  Co Cumberland  Cumberland. 

Cumberland   Granite   Brick  Co "  " 

Burns  &  Russell  Co Baltimore  Dundalk. 

The  Maryland  Terra  Gotta  Co "  " 

The  Easton  Brick  &  Tile  Mfg.  Oo.Easton   Easton. 

John  Gilpin  Brick  Co Elkton   Elkton. 

Frederick  Brick  Works! Frederick    Frederick. 

Maryland  Brick  &  Supply  Co "  " 


56  GUIDE  TO  STATE  MINERAL  EXHIBIT 

Savage  Mountain  Fire  Brick  Co. . . Frostburg  Frostburg. 

Big  Savage  Fire  Brick  Go "  " 

Bilbrough   &   Bros Greensboro  Greensboro. 

Henson  Brick  &  Supply  Co Hagerstown    Hagerstown. 

James  E.  S.  Pryor.. "  " 

L.     H.     Wiebel "  

Excelsior    Brick    &    Pottery    Co. 

of  Baltimore  Halethorpe  Halethorpe. 

Hancock  Shale  Brick  Co Hancock    Hancock. 

F.  F.   Greenwell Leonardtown   Hanover  Mills. 

Ferdinand  Cook Federalsburg  Hynson. 

Elias  W.  Oursler Westminster    Westminster. 

H.    K.    Oursler "  " 

Andrew  Ramsay    Mt.    Savage   Mt.  Savage. 

Union  Mining  Co.  of  Allegany  Co. .         "  " 

Big  Savage  Fire  Brick  Co Frostburg  Allegany. 

Mayer   Bros "  Frostburg. 

Muirkirk   Brick   Co Washington,   D.    C Muirkirk. 

Green  Hill  Fire  Brick  Co North    East    North  East. 

North  East  Fire  Brick  Co "  " 

United    Fire   Brick    Co "  

Columbia  Brick  and  Plaster  Co...        "  " 

Independent  Brick  Co. Orangeville    Orangeville. 

Hugh    McMichael    Pocomoke  City   Pocomoke  City. 

Princess  Anne  Brick  Co Princess  Anne    Princess   Anne. 

Somerset  Tile  Co "  " 

David  S.  Strayer  &  Sons Ridgley   Ridgley. 

Champion  Brick   Co Baltimore  Rosedale. 

Hans  Kudritzky    St.   Michaels   St.  Michaels. 

Peninsula  Brick  Co Salisbury    Salisbury. 

Salisbury  Brick  Co "  

W.   L.   Purnell Snow  Hill    Snow  Hill. 

W.  S.  Lewis  &  Son "  " 

D.    W.    Zentz Thurmont  Thurmont. 

V.   Bonomo   — Westover    Westover. 

Wicomico  Brick  Co Salisbury    White  Haven. 

Conococheague    Brick    &    Earth- 

ernware  Co   Williamsport  Williamsport. 

Laurel   Brick  Works Laurel    :.  .Laurel. 

POTTERY. 

OPERATOR.  OFFICE.  WORKS. 

Edwin  Bennett  Pottery  Co Baltimore   Baltimore. 

Chesapeake  Pottery  "  " 

Columbia  Stove  Brick  Works "  " 

M.  Ferine  &  Sons "  " 

Balto.  Clay  Tobacco  Pipe  Works . .         "  " 

George  S.  Kalb  &  Sons Catonsville Catonsville. 

J.  J.   Nottnagel  &  Son Frederick    Frederick. 

Excelsior  Brick  &  Pottery  Co Halethorpe     Halethorpe. 

RAW  CLAY. 

OPERATOR.  OFFICE.  WORKS. 

Big  Savage  Fire  Brick  Co Frostburg   Allegany. 

Savage  Mt.  Fire  Brick  Company. . .        "  Frostburg. 

S.   C.   Chew '....Mantua,  N.  J Bacon  Hill. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  57 

Ernest  Hartung   Baltimore   Baltimore. 

J.    C.    Weaver's  Sons "  " 

A.   Hopkins  Dorsey   * Dorsey. 

Chas.  W.  Simpers North  East Eder  and  Leslie. 

W.  R.  Grosh,  Estate  of Elkton    Elkton. 

Josephus  Smith   Hanover Hanover. 

Union  Mining  Co.  of  Allegany  Co. .  Mt.    Savage    Mt.  Savage. 

American    Clay    Co Philadelphia,  Pa North  East. 

Hanna   Mining   Co North  East " 

North  East  Fire  Brick  Co "  " 

Owens   &   Stadelman "  " 

E.    Vernon   Zimmerman Woodlawn    Catonsville. 

Maryland  Terra  Cotta  Works Halethorpe   Halethorpe. 

Frederick   Link    "  Washington  Road. 

J.   Frank  Kalb ...  ...  Woodlawn Woodlawn. 


GRANITE. 

OPERATOR.  OFFICE.  QUARRY. 

J.   H.    Atkinson Baltimore   Baltimore. 

Harry  C.   Campbell Windsor  Hills  Windsor  Hills. 

Wm.  M.  Longley  Quarry  Co Baltimore   Franklin  Road. 

Daniel  A.  Leonard "  Baltimore. 

The  I.  H.  Peddicord  &  Sons  Quarry 

and  Transfer  Co " Gwynns  Falls. 

The    Schwind   Quarry   Oo "  Baltimore. 

The  Hook  &  Ford  Contracting  Co. .         "  Woodberfy   and 

Dickeyville. 
Standard  .Lime  &  Stone  Company. .         "  Boonsboro    and 

Dickerson. 

Werner  Bros Ellicott  City  Ellicott  City.. 

Lukens  &  Yerkes Philadelphia    Frenchtown. 

Chas.  E.  Ehmann Baltimore  Govanstown. 

Feaney  &  Atherton Granite    Granite. 

Guilford  &  Waltersville  Granite  Co . Baltimore   

Miller  &  Kirkpatrick Guilford    Guilford. 

The  Perryville  Granite  Co Easton,  Pa Perry ville. 

McClenahan    Granite   Co Port  Deposit   Port  Deposit. 

J.  E.  Baker York,    Pa Phoenix. 

Thos.  B.  Gatch  &  Sons Raspburg Raspburg. 

Frank    H.    Zouck Reisterstown   Reisterstown. 

John    F.    Parks Timonium    Ruxton. 

Thos.  S.  Gerry Rowlandsville Rowlandsville. 

Armstrong  &  'McDowell Port  Deposit  " 

B.  F.  Pope  Stone  Company Baltimore   Savage. 

Frank  Peach  &  Co Woodstock Woodstock. 

Potomac    Granite    Co Washington,  D.   C Montgomery  Co. 

W.  T.  Manning Baltimore  near  Savage. 

Conway    Quarry    Company "  Lochraven. 

Thomas  R.  Martin  &  Sons. Woodlawn    Franklintown. 

McMahon  Bros Mt.  Washington Mt.  Washington. 

John    Walters    Baltimore  Pikesville. 

McGuire  &  Shea   Ruxton    Ruxton. 

Blue  Mount  Stone  Co Whitehall   Whitehall. 

The  Casparis  Stone  Co Columbus,   Ohio    Havre  de  Grace. 


58  GUIDE  TO  STATE  MINERAL  EXHIBIT 

LIMESTONE. 

OPERATOR.  OFFICE.  QUARRY. 

Fisher  &  Carozza Baltimore  Green  Sprg.  Valley. 

Geo.  M.  Bushey  &  Son Cavetown    Cavetown. 

George  Downin   Hagerstown   Cearfoss. 

Cumberland  Hydraulic  Cement  & 

Mfg.  Company  Cumberland  Cumberland. 

John    D.    Crum Walkersville    Daysville. 

Wm.    F.    Myers Boring   Dover. 

Peter  Brookey  Frederick    Frederick. 

Ezra   Houck,    Jr "  " 

M.  J.  Grove  Lime  Co Limekiln  Frederick   and 

Limekiln. 

R.    Rush  Lewis Frederick    Frederick. 

Charles  A.  Councilman Glyridon    Glyndon. 

Edward  A.  Cockey  &  Son Owings  Mills Gwynnbrook. 

S.  P.  Angle .Hagerstown   Hagerstown. 

Clarkson  Brothers    "  " 

Hagerstown   City   Quarry "  " 

Union  Stone  Co York,    Pa Halfway. 

Frank  P.  Little Hancock    Hancock. 

LeGore   Lime   Co LeGore    LeGore. 

P.   P.   Zepp Marriottsville    Marriottsville. 

Daniel   R.    Miller Maugansville  Maugansville. 

Wm.   Carbaugh New  Windsor  New    Windsor. 

Potomac  Valley  Stone  Co Hagerstown    Pinesburg. 

D.    D.    Keedy Keedysyille    Rohrersville. 

A.  M.    Isanogle Catoctin    Thurmont. 

David  Cramer   Walkersville    Walkersville. 

D.  A.  Devilbiss "  " 

Goodwin  Lime  Co Westminster  Westminster. 

Wm.    R.    Tingling "  

B.  F.   Shriver  &  Co "  " 

E.  C.    Brown "  " 

Myers-Crump  Stone  Co Corrigansville     Corrigansville. 

Allegany  County  Road  Directors. .  .Cumberland .Mt. '  Savage. 

W.    C.    Ditman Texas    Texas. 

Miss  M.  Bissell  Price Cockeysville    Cockeysville. 

Baltimore  Marble  &  Trading  Co.  .Baltimore  Lochraven. 

Tabler  Lime  &  Stone  Co Frederick    Frederick. 

C.  F.  Hammond...  ...Oakland Oakland. 


MARBLE. 

OPERATOR.  OFFICE.  QUARRY. 

Beaver  Dam  Marble  Co Baltimore  Cockeysville. 

Washington  Marble  Co New  York   Eakles  Mills. 

The  Eastman  Stone  Co Baltimore  Whitehall. 

Baltimore  County  Marble  &  Trad- 
ing Co "          Baltimore. 

Maryland- Alabama  Marble  Co New  York    Benevola. 

L.  C.  Rines Eakles  Mills   Boonsboro.  . 

Whitef ord  Green  Marble  Co Whitef ord    Cambria. 

Cardiff-Cambria  Marble  Co New  York    Cardiff. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  59 

SANDSTONE. 

OPERATOR.  OFFICE.  QUARRY. 

E.    C.    Schaidt Cumberland  Cumberland. 

J.  C.  Brydon  Bros.  Co Graf  ton,    W.    Va Bloomington. 

J.  T.  Bridges  &  Co Hancock    Hancock. 

B.    S.    Randolph Berkeley  Spgs. ,  W.  Va.  Dam  No.  6. 

Samuel  Spangler  Taneytown   Kump. 


William  Clutz 
T.  H.  Eckenrode. . 
James  D.  Haines. . 
James  B.  Reaver. . 
0.  T.  Shoemaker. . 


.Taneytown. 


SLATE. 

OPERATOR.  OFFICE.  QUARRY. 

Baltimore  Peach  Bottom  Slate  Co. . Baltimore  Cardiff. 

Cardiff  Peach  Bottom  Slate  Mfg. 

Co Delta,  Pa 

Peach  Bottom  Slate  Co.  of  Har- 

ford  County "  " 

Peerless  Slate  Co "  " 

The  Proctor  Slate  Co "  

South  Delta  Peach  Bottom  Slate 

Co "  

Bennett  Creek  Slate  Co Washington,   D.   C Thurston. 

FLINT  AND  FELDSPAR. 

OPERATOR.  OFFICE.  QUARRY. 

A.  M.  Benzinger Woodstock  Woodstock. 

J.  T.  Cavey "  

Deland  Mining  &  Milling  Company. Havre  de  Grace Baldfriar. 

Harry  Fairbank  Woodstock    Woodstock.     . 

Parlett    &    Cavey "  " 

E.  E.  Fagan Gwynn  Oak,  Baltimore. Hollofields. 

Golding   Sons   Co Trenton,  N.  J Rock    Springs    and 

Davis  Station. 

Guilford  &  Waltersville  Granite  Co. Baltimore  Woodstock. 

Thomas  &  Son Westminster    Westminster. 

Eureka  Mining  &  Operating  Co Trenton,    N.   J Granite. 

H.  Clay  Whitef ord  &  Co Flintville    Flintville. 

Glen  Morris  Supply  Co Glen  Morris Glen  Morris. 

Harf ord  County  Flint  Co Conowingo     Conowingo. 

Geo.   W.    Cavey Woodstock    Woodstock. 

Peach   &  Whelan Glenarm    Notchcliff    and 

Glenarm. 
The  Husband  Flint   Co Baltimore   Deer  Creek. 

SAND  AND  GRAVEL. 

OPERATOR.  OFFICE.  PITS. 

Arundel  Sand  &  Gravel  Co Baltimore  Spring  Gardens, 

Magothy  River, 
and  Curtis  Creek 
(dredging). 


60  GUIDE  TO  STATE  MINERAL  EXHIBIT 

Columbia  Granite  &  Dredging  Co .  Washington,   D.    C Marshall  Hall. 

Potomac    Granite   Co "  on  Canal  near 

Washington. 

Potomac  Dredging  Co "  near  Washington. 

Excelsior  Brick   &  Pottery,  Co Halethorpe    Arbutus. 

Adam  John  &  Bro '. "  Benson  Ave. 

John   C.    Leonard Baltimore  Baltimore. 

J.  T.  Bridges  &  Co Hancock    Hancock. 

P.  L.  Hopper Havre  de  Grace Conowingo. 

B.  S.  Randolph Berkeley  Spgs.,  W.  Va.Dam  No.  6. 

The  Cumberland  Granite  Brick  Co. Cumberland Cumberland. 

Cumberland  Sand  Co Pittsburg    " 

Contee  Sand  &  Gravel  Co Laurel    Laurel. 

Brennan  Sand  Co Philadelphia,  Pa Robinson. 

Foltz  Bros Waynesboro,  Pa Rock  Forge. 

James  D.    Haines Taneytown  Taneytown. 

Fred.    Link    Halethorpe     Halethorpe. 

H.    L.    Thomas Norfolk,  Va Gibson  Island. 

W.  T.  Manning "  near  Laurel. 

Clark    Bros Severn    Severn. 

Roland   Park   Company Roland  Park  Roland  Park. 

Wm.   R.    Delia Baltimore   Curtis  Creek. 

Miss  M.  Bissell  Price Cockeysville    Cockeysville. 

DeBoy  Sandman  Co Halethorpe  Halethorpe. 

Joseph   E.    Smith Westport     Westport. 

Deland  Mining  &  Milling  Co Havre  de  Grace Havre  de  Grace. 

A.    V.    Hoffman Smithsburg    Leitersburg. 

Andrew  Miller  "  " 

Ernest  Lecrone   "  Rock  Forge. 

GOLD. 

OPERATOR.  OFFICE.  MINE. 

Capital    Gold    Mining    &    Develop- 
ment Co Cropley    Cropley. 

R.    Scott    Allen "       

Maryland  Gold  Mining  Co "  

Great  Falls  Gold  Mining  Co Washington,   D.   C....  ..Great  Falls. 

COPPER. 

OPERATOR.  OFFICE.  MINE. 

Virginia  Consolidated  Copper  Co. .  Union  Bridge  Liberty. 

IRON  ORE. 

OPERATOR.  OFFICE.  MINE. 

Mason  &  Dixon  Mining  Co Shrewsbury,  Pa Bachmans  Mills 

Ebbvale  Mining  Co Hanover,   Pa Ebbvale. 

Ellery   F.    Coffin Muirkirk   Muirkirk. 

Jos.   E.   Thropp Everett,  Pa ...Thurmont. 

MINERAL  PAINT. 

OPERATOR.  OFFICE.  PIT. 

Jas.    B.    Macneal   &  Co Baltimore  Baltimore  and 

vicinity. 

Wm.    Dagler    Hanover    Hanover. 

Hanna  &  Andrus Chicago,  111 " 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 
SPRINGS. 

OPERATOR.  OFFICE,  SPRING. 

Altamont  Spring  Water  Co Washington,  D.  C near  Deer  Park. 

Carroll  Springs   Forest  Glen  Forest  Glen. 

Chattolanee  Spring  Water  Co Baltimore  Chattolanee. 

Mardela  Mineral  Spring  Water  Co.  .Mardela  Mardela. 

Rockhill  Indian  Spring Rockville    Rockville. 

Buena  Vista  Spring  Water  Co Baltimore   Edgemont. 

Castalia  Spring  Water  Co ...Washington,  D.  C Branchville. 

Spaws  Spring  Water  Co Eastpn    Easton. 

Ruxton  Heights  Water  Co Baltimore  Ruxton  Heights. 

Sylvan  Dell  Water  Co "  Rognel  Heights. 

Hillsdale  Water  Co "  Hillsdale. 

Caton  Spring  Water  Co "  Catonsville. 

Hancock  Sulphur  Springs Hancock    Hancock. 

SILICA. 

OPERATOR.  OFFICE.  PIT. 

Maryland  Silicate  Co New  York Lyons  Creek. 

TALC  AND  SOAPSTONB. 

OPERATOR.  OFFICE.  QUARRY. 

Deland  Mining  &  Milling  Co. .....  Havre  de  Grace Bald    Friar. 

Thomas    &    Son Westminster    Westminster. 

Maryland  Soapstone  Co Baltimore   Marriottsville. 


PAT.  JAN.  21,  1908 


VB 10154 


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